in this paper, we proposed a novel structure for designing all optical filter based on photonic crystal structure. in designing the proposed filter, we simply employed a point defect localized between input and output waveguides as wavelength selecting part of the filter. the initial form of this filter is capable of selecting optical waves at =1560 nm, the transmission efficiency of the filte...

The multi-ripple filter is a new approach to model losses in digital waveguide synthesis. Stringed musical instruments produce decaying sounds due to physical losses, which need to be modeled. In digital waveguide string model, the losses are modeled with a loss filter. Another function for the loss filter is that it is needed to make the model stable. In piano synthesis, a high-order loss filt...

filter is one of the main components of embankment dams. by a simple but effective performance, filter protects the dam against erosion and soil scouring in impervious core caused by leakage (piping) and makes it safe. interaction between filter and erodible base soil is a complex phenomenon which is dependent upon several factors, and has challenged researchers for better understanding the fil...

in order to the enhancement of the quality of speech corrupted by additive noise, a speech enhancement method has been put forward based on the combination of spectral subtraction and binary masking. spectral subtraction is a powerful method for removing noise from speech and binary masking provides essential elements to be used in monaural speech segregation. in the proposed combined method, f...

Background: This paper presents a method to reduce radiation exposure during mammography by analysing the doses to ipsilateral and contralateral breasts and to adjacent organs by evaluating material-dependent shielding performance.  Materials and Methods: Six target-filter combinations (Mo-Mo, Mo-Rh, Rh-Rh, Rh-Mo, W-Mo, W-Rh) were tested by measuring the doses delivered to the breasts and adjac...

By incorporating the heterogeneous combination of wave retarders, authors demonstrated a continuously wavelength-tunable passband-flattened fibre multiwavelength filter comprised four-port polarization beam splitter (PBS), two equal-length polarization-maintaining (PMF) segments, one retarder (WRC) dual quarter-wave retarders (QWRs), and another WRC half-wave (HWR) QWR. The former lies before f...

Kalman filters are often used to estimate the state variables of a dynamic system. However, in the application of Kalman filters some known signal information is often either ignored or dealt with heuristically. For instance, state variable constraints (which may be based on physical considerations) are often neglected because they do not fit easily into the structure of the Kalman filter. Rece...