While decentralized peer-to-peer market platforms are more suited for trading short-lived or non-material goods (e.g., electrical power, bandwidth-ondemand) due to reduced transaction cost, robustness and scalability, they lack the legal certainty provided by centralized electronic market places operated by a trusted third party. This paper presents a technical framework that, conforming to Eur...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop reference data for the Iranian population for anthropometric values and cardiometabolic data in comparison with those in Americans, as representative of a Western population. DESIGN The present cross-sectional survey, conducted as part of the baseline survey of a community-based interventional study (the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme), u...

at present, new tendencies in international commercial arbitration try to delocalize and gives more independence to arbitration, from national laws. the ultimate degree of this independency is demonstrated in lex mercatoria theory. in recent years this theory has been gone beyond the frontiers of pure theory and entered into the national laws of some countries such as netherlands, france and in...

Abstract This article explores how the concepts of strucutral violence and cultural can explain institutionalization normalization in children’s lives Iran, including use death penalty, thereby providing a mechanism through which such be challenged. The paper reflects on an alternative to execution, payment blood money, diyah , mitigates but does not eradicate harms caused child offenders convi...

The legal system of the European Union (EU) offers domestic actors a powerful tool to influence national policy. European law can be drawn on by private litigants in national courts to challenge national policies. These challenges can be sent by national judges to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which instructs national courts to apply European law instead of national law, or to interpret ...

Trauma Research Center, Department of Anesthesia, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran We read with interest the article ‘‘Emergency Nursing Staff Dispatch: Sensitivity and Specificity in Detecting Prehospital Need for Physician Intervention During Ambulance Transport in Rovigo Emergency Ambulance Service, Italy’’ by Leopardi and Sommacampagna. Regarding th...

right of enforcement developed to the right of effective enforcement which both rooted in judicial protection. effective enforcement needs to foresee clear and useful, expeditious and cheap methods that helps the collection of defendant’s financial information and facilitates voluntary enforcement of judgment and finally use of professional and independent persons in execution process. in irani...

ABSTRACT In this paper, we revisit the problem of identifying bona fide cluster Cepheids by performing an all-sky search for associated with open clusters and making use state-of-the-art catalogued information both clusters, based on unparalleled astrometric precision second early third data releases Gaia satellite. We determine membership probabilities following a Bayesian approach using spati...