A new hybrid direct/indirect adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) controller with a state observer and supervisory controller for a class of uncertain nonlinear dynamic systems is developed in this paper. The hybrid adaptive FNN controller, the free parameters of which can be tuned on-line by an observer-based output feedback control law and adaptive law, is a combination of direct and indirect ...

To cause disease, diverse pathogens deliver effector proteins into host cells. Pathogen effectors can inhibit defense responses, alter host physiology, and represent important cellular probes to investigate plant biology. However, effector function and localization have primarily been investigated after overexpression in planta. Visualizing effector delivery during infection is challenging due ...

purpose: to compare the results of two methods of canalicular laceration repair. methods: this clinical trial was performed on 50 eyes of 50 patients with lacerated canaliculi who were randomly assigned to two groups. direct reanastomosis of the lacerated canaliculus was performed using 8-0 vicryl suture (25 eyes) and indirect repair was performed by reapproximation of the overlying orbicularis...

There is ample evidence that human cooperative behaviour towards other individuals is often conditioned on information about previous interactions. This information derives both from personal experience (direct reciprocity) and from experience of others (i.e. reputation; indirect reciprocity). Direct and indirect reciprocity have been studied separately, but humans often have access to both typ...

This paper aims to improve our understanding of how exploitative and explorative learning of firms is enhanced through their social capital. Both types of learning differ considerably from each other and we argue that the distinction between them may be an important contingency factor in explaining the value of direct, indirect and (non-)redundant technology-based alliances. In particular we ar...

The lack of effective trust establishment mechanisms impedes the deployment of diverse trust models for web services. One issue is that collaborating organizations need mechanisms to bridge extant relationships among cooperating parties. We describe an indirect trust establishment mechanism to bridge and build new trust relationships from extant trust relationships with privacy protection. Anot...

There has been extensive discussion on the need to use corrective feedback in writing within foreign language learning. Essentially, is one of important tools improving students’ skills learning a language. This study aims find out preference and justification written (WCF) through Google Docs among instructors students higher institute. The effects direct indirect with metalinguistic comments ...

Background: Corrective feedback plays the role of enabling both teachers and learners to gauge their performance reflect on development. It can vary in nature, amount, focus; nevertheless, its centrality classroom cannot be ignored. At same time, what makes it effective is way communicated. The Written Feedback (WCF) vital as a corrective measure durability for future reference. Foreign ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate Teaching Persian Speakers Other Languages (TPSOL) teachers' beliefs about providing corrective feedback (CF) on TPSOL students' writing. To that end, the transcendental phenomenological design used in which experiences and practices six teachers (four male two female teachers) were examined obtain CF A series interviews conducted with teachers. Moreo...