the objective of this study is to estimate the demand for money in iran using the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) approach to cointegration analysis. the empirical results show that there is a unique cointegrated and stable long-run relationship among m1 monetary aggregate, income, inflation and exchange rate. we find that the income elasticity and exchange rate coefficients are positive ...

Any algorithm for speech recognition always has a procedure for comparison of an input signal with the etalons available in memory, for definition of its belongings to an appropriate class. In this paper the definition of the set of etalons for the 1st version of the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system for the Azerbaijani language is described.

HE Co-operative Movement was in its early days described by William Hazlitt as “a slip of Owenism grafted upon a stock of common sense”. This metaphor is not merely more apt, but also more accurate, than to call Owen the “father” of Co-operation. For one thing, there were co-operatives in Britain before Owen enunciated his plan of a new society, and even before he was born. Voluntary associatio...

it is stipulated in our islamic jurisprudence and law that when a person is killed and he or she has several legal guardians, if some of the guardians pardon, the remaining guardians have the right to retaliate in qiṣāṣ provided that they pay the share of the blood money to those demanding blood money. it is pronounced in the article 264 of islamic penal code that: “if there are several legal g...

largely among the first two groups of children?those near the poverty line. Despite this fact, the amount spent by each child in the schools where lunches are served, is $1 a year, and this is by 110 means all the money that the child has to spend. It is then a simple matter to calculate that the money spent by the children in the public schools of our city is about $170,000 a year. This is a v...

A small macroeconomic model is constructed starting from a German money demand relation for M3 based on quarterly, seasonally unadjusted data for the period from 1976 to 1996. In contrast to previous studies we build a vector error correction model for M3, GNP, an innation rate and an interest rate spread variable to represent opportunity costs of holding money. Furthermore, import price innati...

The term pure currency means an economy of people whose histories are private and who, therefore, cannot be punished individually in the future for current actions. In many economies of that kind, any trade requires the use of outside money and taxation is not feasible. The conjecture is for economies of that kind in which there are extensive margins that play a role. For such economies, the co...

The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit the whole world had a huge impact on economy. Household consumption and fulfillment of basic needs are problem in midst restrictions social mobility rampant cases layoffs. Emergency funds as become important situation uncertainty about crisis will never end. Pawn transactions way to get cash by mortgaging their belongings. rahn contract already exists at BPRS ...