Shallots are horticultural plants belonging to the spice vegetable group that have high economic value. The existence of shallot commodity cultivation is expected increase income and improve welfare. But on other hand there several problems occur farmers where does not always this because factors affect size an income. purpose study find out how much get from farming determine effect production...

Small groups, such as farmer associations, micro-lending groups, or civic organizations, play an important role in economic, political and social life in all manner of countries and circumstances. This paper studies factors that affect the ability and effort exerted by leaders of these groups, and hence the effectiveness of the groups in providing public goods to their members. We argue that sm...

Increasing Production of Integrated-Vegetable and Fish in the Biofloc-Aquaponic System Tanjung Johor Village, Jambi City. is a fish-producing center However, biofloc pond Sekintang Dayo Farmers Group was minimally managed, so fish yield farmer's income low. The technology that potential to be applied biofloc-aquaponics. Biofloc-aquaponics agriculture which integrated vegetable cultivation. This...

The Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm is one of the most used methods to solve in an exact way combinatorial optimization problems. In a previous article, we proposed a new approach of the parallel B&B algorithm for distributed systems using the farmer-worker paradigm. However, the new farmer-worker approach has a disadvantage: some nodes of the B&B tree can be explored by several B&B processes....

This paper investigates an important channel through which improved access to market information could increase the prices that producers receive from middlemen. I develop a theoretical model of trade between a farmer and a middleman which allows for the existence of different types of middlemen. The source of heterogeneity is attitudes towards fairness. I provide an empirical test of the theor...

This study considers a quantity discount problem between a single seller (poultry famer) and two buyers (retailers). The poultry farmer’s inventory level increases due to the increase in the weight of the fowls. The retailers purchase fresh chicken meat from the poultry farmer, the inventory levels of the retailers are therefore depleted due to the combined effects of its demand and deteriorati...

This paper uses the old Keynesian representative agent model developed by Roger E. A. Farmer [Expectations, Employment and Prices. New York: Oxford University Press (2010)] to answer two questions: (1) Do increased government purchases crowd out private consumption? (2) Do increased government purchases reduce unemployment? Farmer compared permanent tax-financed expenditure paths and showed tha...