In this study, solutions for machinery layout with the aim of reducing transportation costs will be discussed. To do this, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), which is a very complicated and effective meta-heuristic algorithm is introduced. In the offered algorithm, different kinds of machinery layout are considered in single-row as country and then the best possible layout is developed ba...

Under the “Double Carbon” background, development of green agricultural machinery is very fast. An important factor that determines performance electric farm endurance capacity, which directly related to running path machinery. The optimized driving can reduce operating loss and extend mileage machinery, then multi-node planning helps improve working efficiency tractors. Ant Colony Optimization...

The current market demand and price for organic milk is encouraging dairy producers, particularly those on smaller farms, to consider organic production as a means for improving the economic viability of their operations. Organic production systems vary widely in scale, in practices, and across agroclimatic settings. Within this context, case studies of 4 actual organic dairy farms were used to...

Popular government presupposes the existence of liberty, equality, and justice as its fundamental principles. Theoretically these principles prevail in Michigan. Practically they do not. How is it as to political rights ? One-half of the people, though subject to the laws, have no voice in making those laws. Their right to vote and the right of the people to cast their votes for them is denied....

Abstract In many developing and emerging economies, better employment opportunities in the non-farm sector have increased rural wages due to labour shortages during peak agricultural season. Increasing often cause a substitution of for mechanical power, but extensive use labour-saving technologies may displacement serious equity concerns. Using household individual fixed effect estimation appro...

Research results at other locations in western U.S. indicate that a plant spacing of approximately 12 inches within rows and 20 or 22 inches between rows is necessary to obtain near maximum yields of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris 1..) and yet maintain adequate space for machinery operation (4, 6, 10). 3 Increasing row and plant spacings with corresponding decreases in plant population have reduced ...

Bioenergy cropping systems could help offset greenhouse gas emissions, but quantifying that offset is complex. Bioenergy crops offset carbon dioxide emissions by converting atmospheric CO2 to organic C in crop biomass and soil, but they also emit nitrous oxide and vary in their effects on soil oxidation of methane. Growing the crops requires energy (e.g., to operate farm machinery, produce inpu...