Life-cycle analysis is an invaluable tool for investigating the environmental profile of a product or technology from cradle to grave. Such life-cycle analyses of energy technologies are essential, especially as material and energy flows are often interwoven, and divergent emissions into the environment may occur at different life-cycle-stages. This approach is well exemplified by our descripti...

Design and procurement based on holistic whole life appraisal can improve functional quality and, therefore, the overall cost effectiveness and performance of buildings. It is furthermore expected these principles can strengthen the competitiveness of concrete. The initial part of the work, analysed requirements on buildings and how concrete provides answers to these. Life cycle costing, enviro...

A streamlined life-cycle assessment (SLCA) is typically performed at the scale of the completed product. One could also, however, perform SLCAs on components or subsystems (moving down in scale) or on all a corporation’s products (moving up in scale). By analogy with biological ecology, it seems likely that analyses at different scales would ask different questions and reveal different insights...

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is the evaluation of the impacts that design decisions have on a system and provides a framework for identifying and evaluating design benefits and burdens associated with the life cycles of space transportation systems from a "cradle-to-grave" approach. Sometimes called “life cycle assessment”, “life cycle approach”, or “cradle to grave analysis”, it represents a rapi...

life cycle study of a product is an accepted method for determining the side effects of its production process on environment during its complete life cycle. in this research, the impacts of global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication and fossil resources depletion per unit yield of wheat (ton) on environment were investigated using life cycle assessment method in marvdasht region...

Rice dwarf virus and Rice gall dwarf virus, members of the genus Phytoreovirus in the family Reoviridae,are known as agents of rice disease, because their spread results in substantial economic damage in many Asian countries. These viruses are transmitted via insect vectors, and they multiply both in the plants and in the insect vectors. Structural information about the viruses and their intera...