A technique for measuring interdiffusion in multilayer materials during rapid heating using X-ray reflectivity is described. In this technique the sample is bent to achieve a range of incident angles simultaneously, and the scattered intensity is recorded on a fast high-dynamic-range mixed-mode pixel array detector. Heating of the multilayer is achieved by electrical resistive heating of the si...

BACKGROUND Sebaceous carcinoma is notorious for masquerading clinically as other benign lesions such as chalazion. A tool to better differentiate between these two conditions would thus be desirable. PURPOSE To examine the potential application of noninvasive meibography in the differential diagnosis of chalazion and sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid as a retrospective cross-sectional study. ...

Anti-Stokes scattering and Stokes scattering in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) cascades have been researched using the Vlasov–Maxwell simulation. In high-intensity laser–plasma interactions, stimulated anti-Stokes Brillouin scattering (SABS) will occur after second stage SBS rescattering. The mechanism of SABS has been put forward to explain this phenomenon. In the early phase of SBS evo...

The XENON100 experiment uses 161kg of liquid xenon divided in two concentric cylinders. The inner volume is the time-projection chamber, the outer volume is the veto, and they are separated by PTFE (Teflon) panels. In the region 350nm to 1200nm, PTFE has a measured reflectivity of 99%. However, xenon emits in the UV region, and the reflectivity distribution is not sufficiently understood here. ...

In seismic data processing, deconvolution plays a very important role because it permits to increase the temporal resolution of seismic sections and to equalize sources. The deconvolution problem when the wavelet is known is an ill-posed problem that can be tackled via regularization methods. However, the seismic source wavelet is unknown and therefore, it must be estimated from the data prior ...

Currently the most demanding application of extreme ultraviolet optics is connected with the development of extreme ultraviolet lithography. Not only does each of the Mo/Si multilayer extreme-ultraviolet stepper mirrors require the highest attainable reflectivity at 13 nm (nearly 70 %), but the central wavelength of the reflectivity of these mirrors must be measured with a wavelength repeatabil...

As discussed in other articles in this issue of Synchrotron Radiation News, the availability of synchrotron radiation facilitated the development of X-ray reflectivity (XR) as an important technique for characterization of surface structure. Although the application of X-ray reflectivity to solids is relatively straightforward, as a consequence of the two-dimensional character of thermal fluctu...

PURPOSE To investigate whether tear hyperosmolarity, a feature of dry eye disease (DED), affects central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal light reflectivity, and/or tear film reflectivity. METHODS This prospective, cross-sectional study involved 48 participants (38 with hyperosmolar tears and 10 controls with normo-osmolar tears). Symptoms and signs of DED (tear osmolarity, sodium fluorescein...

The geometric and electronic structure of condensed phase organic conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS blends has been investigated by periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) functional, and a plane wave basis set. The influence of the degree of doping of the PEDOT polymer on structural and optical parameters such as the reflectivity, absorb...

Artifacts due to enhancement, reverberation, and multi-path reflection are commonly encountered in medical ultrasound imaging. These artifacts can adversely affect an automated image quantification algorithm or interfere with a physician's assessment of a radiological image. This paper proposes a soft wavelet thresholding method to replace regions adversely affected by these artifacts with the ...