Energy saving is major matter in our global world, and heat exchanger is very useful for energy saving. Of course heat exchanger is most significant component for chemical reaction, distillation, dissolution, crystallization, fermentation etc. So the correct selection of heat exchanger is important in these processes. Spiral tube Heat Exchangers are known as excellent heat exchanger because of ...

The presence of N-nitrosamines was determined in samples of industrially manufactured liver patty stored at different temperatures for a variable period of time. Sample preparation included steam distillation and extraction of redistilled samples with dichlormethane. The extracts were analyzed by a gas chromatography--mass spectrometry system (GC-MS-SIM). Study results expressed as total N-nitr...

This paper presents membrane distillation (MD), a separation process based on evaporation through pores of a hydrophobic membrane. Different configurations of the process were considered. Membrane properties, transport phenomena through the membranes, and module designs have been discussed. Applications of MD in water and wastewater treatment as well as in the food industry have been presented....

In this paper, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was applied to analyse the volatile compounds in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae. SPME parameters such as fibers, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time were investigated. Thirty-five volatile compounds were separated and identified. Relative standard deviations (RSDs)...

Many inborn errors of metabolism are characterized by an increase in the concentrations of various carboxylic acids in blood and urine. For example, the metabolic disorders propionic acidemia [ 11, methylmalonic aciduria [ 2,3], maple syrup urine disease [4], isovaleric acidemia [ 41 and glutaric aciduria type II [ 5,6] show increased amounts of volatile carboxylic acids in blood or urine. Proc...

Most of the industrial process requires a temperature level below 250?C which is easily achievable using solar energy. Pakistan fortunate enough to have long sunlight hours and high intensity insolation. The mean total irradiation falling on horizontal plane about 200-250 W/m2 per day. This precious source natural energy has tremendous potential in agro-based industry like distillation medicina...

Compared with traditional distillation separation, extraction of ethanol from water could reduce the energy consumption. But emulsion generated in process strong mixing caused difficulty separation two phases. A new method realize efficient mass transfer and complete The microemulsion system was constructed by adding TEA (triethylamine) into water, then extracted 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. efficiency c...