Many writers have claimed that research and development (R&D) has two faces. In addition to the conventional role of stimulating innovation, R&D enhances technology transfer (absorptive capacity). We explore this idea empirically using a panel of industries across twelve OECD countries. We find R&D to be statistically and economically important in both technological catch-up and innovation. Hum...

The increase in equity prices over the 1990s has to a large degree been attributed to permanently higher productivity growth that is derived from the ‘new economy’ and related research and development (R&D) expenditures. This paper establishes a rational expectations model of technology innovations and equity prices, which shows that under plausible assumptions, productivity advances can only h...

Many writers have claimed that research and development (R&D) has two ‘faces’. In addition to the conventional role of stimulating innovation, R&D enhances technology transfer by improving the ability of firms to learn about advances in the leading edge (‘absorptive capacity’). In this paper we explore this idea empirically using a panel of industries across twelve OECD countries. We find evide...

khunaji and his companions get influence from fakhr al-din razi and classified quantified propositions into two kinds: factual and external. abhari added the third kind which was named mental. tusi and his companions refuted khunaji’s viewpoint. analysis and explanation of the historical development of classification of predicative proposition into factual, external and mental is the problem of...

in general sense, development means improving material and spiritual levels of human society and creating the proper conditions of a healthy life for all people of a society. according to this, development includes cultural, political, social and economic aspects which incorporates qualitative and quantitative changes and yet it can be considered a relative concept from both internal and extern...