The ultimate goal of financial management in a dental school is to accumulate assets that are available for strategic growth, which is a parallel objective to the profit motive in business. Budget development is often grounded in an income statement framework where the goal is to match revenues and expenses. Only when a balance sheet perspective (assets = liabilities + equity) is adopted can st...

Since 1942, Canada’s Income Tax Act has provided tax relief to taxpayers who spend substantial amounts of their income on out-of-pocket medical expenses. Since 1988, this relief comes in the form of a tax credit, an amount that is directly deductible against income tax payable. Not all medical expenses are eligible. In particular, the statutory scheme excludes some, but not all, medical service...

It is impossible to provide an effective utilization of communication networks without the analysis of the quantitative characteristics of the traffic in real time. The constant supervision of all channels of the data practically is impracticable because requires transfer of the significant additional information on a network and large resources expenses for devices of the control. Thus, the ta...

A. Instruction to Pap Specific Sums. Having paid funeral expenses, debts and administrative expenses, the trustee is under a duty to distribute as directed by the instrument or by rules of law. Legatees must be paid within one year of the decedent's death, but if the corpus is insufficient to pay legacies they are subject to abatement and the trustee may recover excess already paid, in good fai...

Potential business losses incurred vaccinating adults against influenza have not been defined because of a lack of estimates for medical practice costs incurred delivering vaccines. We collected data on vaccination labor time and other associated expenses. We modeled estimates of per-vaccination medical practice business costs associated with delivering adult influenza vaccine in different size...

Dating back to 1990, every major independent study and analysis of physician practice expenses has concluded that the current charge-based method undervalues office-based services and overvalues most services provided in an inpatient setting. (Independent studies are those that are funded and conducted by researchers with no financial interest in the outcome). The studies used different methods...

While the savings of retired singles tend to fall with age, those couples rise. We estimate a rich model and bequest motives uncertain longevity medical expenses. Our estimates imply that while expenses are an important driver middle-income singles, matter for high-income generate transfers non-spousal heirs whenever household member dies. The interaction is crucial determinant all retirees. He...

Of the $120.4 billion spent by the Nation for personal health care in fiscal year 1976, 29% was spent for those aged 65 or older, 15% for those under age 19, and the remaining 56% for those aged 19-64. The average health bill reached $1,521 for the aged, $547 for the intermediate age group, and $249 for the young. Public funds financed 68% of the health expenses of the aged with Medicare and Me...

In this article we assess the effect of market imperfections and income inequality on rural production efficiency. The analysis is carried out using the notion of stochastic conditional efficiency computed in terms of free disposal hull (FDH) efficiency measurements. Free disposal hull and conditional FDH are output oriented with variable returns to scale. They are evaluated for rural productio...

The practice of target pricing has been a key factor in the success of Japanese manufacturers. In the more commonly-known demand-side approach, the target price for the supplier equals the manufacturer’s market price less a percent margin for the manufacturer but no cost-improvement expenses are shared. In the supply-side approach, cost-improvement expenses are shared and the target price equal...