T cell dysfunction is an important feature of many chronic viral infections. In particular, it was shown that programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates T cell dysfunction during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice, and PD-1(hi) cells exhibit an intense exhausted gene signature. These findings were extended to human chronic infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepati...

High expression of IL-21 and/or IL-21R has been described in T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases characterized by defects of counterregulatory mechanisms. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are a T cell subset involved in the control of the immune responses. A diminished ability of these cells to inhibit T cell activation has been documented in immune-inflammatory diseases, raising the p...

The avoidance of immune surveillance by malignant plasma cells (PCs) in multiple myeloma (MM) is mediated different mechanisms, among which an induction T cell exhaustion and expansion myeloid-derived suppressor (MDSCs) appear to play substantial roles, but it still a lack data on possible MDSC-mediated exhaustion. aim the present work was evaluate relationship between frequencies MM PCs, MDSCs...

Human brucellosis is a major health problem in developing countries. A number of patients with human brucellosis do not recover from the acute stage of the disease and pass into the chronic form. Since the pathophysiology of this change is not well understood, we studied the T-cell subsets during the acute, subacute and chronic forms of human brucellosis. In this study we found alterations...

Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is one of the most crucial genes expressed in the thymus, where it orchestrates the promiscuous expression and presentation of tissue-specific antigens during thymocyte selection. The presence of Aire-expressing cells outside the thymus points toward its plausible extrathymic functions; however, the relative contribution of Aire-expressing cells of hematopoietic orig...

BACKGROUND Studies of the progression liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients suggest that cirrhosis is associated with immunosuppression, as measured by low absolute CD4(+) T cell counts. However, we hypothesized that, in patients with advanced liver disease, low CD4(+) T cell counts may occur secondary to portal hypertension and splenic s...

BACKGROUND CD4(+) T-cell count recovery after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is associated with improved health outcomes. It is unknown how the CD4(+) T-cell counts of African HIV patients recover following ART initiation. METHODS We examined CD4(+) T-cell count recovery in a large cohort of HIV-positive patients initiating ART in Uganda between 2004 and 2011. We categorized patients...

Purpose: Respiratory papillomas, caused by human papillomaviruses types 6 and 11 (HPV6/11), are premalignant lesions with potential formalignant conversion. The cytokine and chemokinemicromilieu of papillomas is TH2-likewith amarked absence of IFN-g expression. To illuminatewhypatientswith recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) fail to effectively control their disease, we further investiga...