Ten percent to 20% of Americans will develop gallstones. Bile salts and bile acids may be interchangeably used, although their strict physicochemical properties differ [1,2]. The basis for most biliary tract disease, gallstones are a significant health care burden in the United States, where more than 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually. The resultant cost from symptoms and complic...

Sludge pyrolysis is a promising method for treating excess sludge as by-product of municipal sewage plants, allowing energy self-sufficiency and resource recovery. Before begins, few conditioning agents are added to the that promote dewatering. Potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) applied agent with both cracking flocculation effects, but effects K2FeO4 on release characteristics nitrogen, sulfur, chlori...

background and purpose: disposing sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plants (iwwtps) is a serious issue because it can affect human and animals health, and also environmental quality. in this study, sludge from an iwwtp was analyzed regarding its physicochemical characteristics and disposal options. materials and methods: grab sampling was used to collect 12 sludge samples biweekly (ma...

Activated sludges are an inoculum source commonly used in biodegradation studies, as wastewater treatment facilities constitute an entry point to the environment for many chemicals. In this paper, the main issues relating to the use of activated sludge in biodegradability tests are presented. Special attention is also devoted to discussing the factors affecting both the activity of the microbia...

The present disposal routes of sewage sludge represent a critical environmental issue in Egypt. Recently, there has been an increasing concern about sewage sludge management due to the environmental risks, which resulted from the fast expansion of wastewater treatment plants without equal attention in dealing with the produced sludge. This paper discusses the current situation of sewage sludge ...