Responses of stomata to environment have been intensively studied, but little is known of genetic effects on stomatal conductance or their consequences. In Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), a crop that is bred for irrigated production in very hot environments, stomatal conductance varies genetically over a wide range and has increased with each release of new higher-yielding cultivars. A c...

We have produced a Bose-Einstein condensate of metastable helium He containing over 1.5 107 atoms, which is a factor of 25 higher than previously achieved. The improved starting conditions for evaporative cooling are obtained by applying one-dimensional Doppler cooling inside a magnetic trap. The same technique is successfully used to cool the spin-polarized fermionic isotope He , for which the...

We report on the achieving of Bose-Einstein condensation of a dilute atomic gas based on trapping atoms in tightly confining CO2-laser dipole potentials. Quantum degeneracy of rubidium atoms is reached by direct evaporative cooling in both crossed and single beam trapping geometries. At the heart of these alloptical condensation experiments is the ability to obtain high initial atomic densities...

We report on the generation of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a gas of chromium atoms, which have an exceptionally large magnetic dipole moment and therefore underlie anisotropic long-range interactions. The preparation of the chromium condensate requires novel cooling strategies that are adapted to its special electronic and magnetic properties. The final step to reach quantum degeneracy is for...

Abstract A theoretical study is developed to examine the feasibility of using cooling tower and coil with direct evaporative cooler in highest summer temperature Karbala/Iraq. This due inability reducing outside air efficiency reduction mechanical vapor compression systems despite its high electrical energy consumption at temperatures. The water cooled a higher than outdoor wet-bulb by (3.9 $$^...

Indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) is an eco-friendly technology that has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 4 times compared with conventional air conditioning (AC) systems. However, IEC not been widely used due operational limitations in humid environments and water availability arid environments. Many patents related have granted past decades, aiming make breakthrough innovations....

We compare strategies for evaporative and sympathetic cooling of two-species Fermi-Bose mixtures in single-color and two-color optical dipole traps. We show that in the latter case a large heat capacity of the bosonic species can be maintained during the entire cooling process. This could allow one to efficiently achieve a deep Fermi degeneracy regime having at the same time a significant therm...