This paper presents the development of a novel framework that optimizes the evacuation of large cities using multiple modes including vehicular traffic, rapid transit, and mass transit shuttle buses. A large-scale evacuation model is developed for the evacuation of the City of Toronto in cases of emergency. A demand estimation model is first designed to accurately quantify the evacuation demand...

The prediction of evacuation demand curves is a crucial step in the disaster evacuation plan making, which directly affects the performance of the disaster evacuation. In this paper, we discuss the factors influencing individual evacuation decision making (whether and when to leave) and summarize them into four kinds: individual characteristics, social influence, geographic location, and warnin...

Given the importance of geographic information for riverine flood evacuations, a geographic information system (GIS) is a vital tool for supporting successful flood evacuation operations. This paper discusses the development of a GIS-based riverine flood evacuation model which used to model trip distributions between flooded areas and relocation shelters. As the ultimate goal of this research i...

The great east Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunamis caused Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident. National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) developed the external dose estimation system for Fukushima residents. The system is being used in the Fukushima health management survey. The doses can be obtained by superimposing the behavior data of the residents on the dose...

We performed direct hematoma evacuation of thalamic and intraventricular hemorrhage using mini-craniotomy in recent years. The present study evaluated the outcome and complications in 18 patients with spontaneous thalamic and intraventricular hemorrhage treated by mini-craniotomy hematoma evacuation with external ventricular drainage and 24 patients treated by only external ventricular drainage...

Hospital evacuation is a difficult process that requires a robust strategy and careful execution. In the past, threats leading to possible evacuation were primarily natural disasters. In recent years the broadened nature of threats, including hazardous material spills and terrorist incidents, has complicated this already complex problem. Its importance continues to grow, but there is still no c...

Emergent evacuation is particularly prominent in events of various disasters. However, most existing evacuation models are either missing some human behavioral characteristics in crowds, or are computationally complex. In the paper, a cellular automata (CA) model is proposed to verify validity of evacuation plan. In the model, route is defined by a series of sub-targets. A “distance map” concep...

This article compares results from similar egress models that are each based on different documented evacuation movement data. The models studied are EXIT89 and Simulex, which are used to calculate evacuation times for a hotel building. Differences in results from the models are identified. Evacuation times obtained from the EXIT89 model are found to be 25 to 40% shorter than those from the Sim...

Considering attraction of the nearest exit, repulsive force of the fire, barrier and its display style, effect of fire exit location on escape time in fire hazard, a mathematical model of evacuation process model was build based on cellular automatic theory. The program was developed by JavaScript. The influencing factors of evacuation were obtained through the simulation model by inputting cre...

In this thesis, we consider the problem of providing emergency support when existing communication infrastructure is unavailable. We propose using opportunistic communications (oppcomms) among mobile devices carried by civilians for the dissemination of emergency information. With oppcomms, devices exchange messages at a close range of a few to tens of meters with limited or no infrastructure a...