We analyse the system of ethical review of human research in the Baltic States by introducing the principle of equivalent stringency of ethical review, that is, research projects imposing equal risks and inconveniences on research participants should be subjected to equally stringent review procedures. We examine several examples of non-equivalence or asymmetry in the system of ethical review o...

E. Nemitz, M. A. Sutton, G. P. Wyers, R. P. Otjes, M. G. Mennen, E. M. van Putten, and M. W. Gallagher Atmospheric Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Postbus 1, 1755 Petten ZG, The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and Environment ...

R EGISTERED DIETITIAN NUTRItionists (RDNs) are regularly involved with activities requiring decision making with ethical implications. Typical and significant ethical decision-making activities are related to selecting medical food supplements and enteral and infant formula, and choosing the durable medical equipment (DME) vendor that will be providing the formulas in the home. At times and in ...

A first step in defining IDT would be to identify its central concern. Although some see science, design, or technology as central, IDT’s actual center has always been to help learners. Because the aspiration to help people is by definition ethical, it follows that the central concern of IDT is ethical. Thus, science, design, and technology become means to an ethical end. They serve praxis, or ...

BACKGROUND The limited integration of ethics in nutrition-related public health policies and interventions is one major concern for those who have the task of implementing them. Ethical challenges that are overlooked during the development of such interventions could raise serious ethical issues during their implementation and even after. As a result, these decision makers need technical suppor...

Markedly effeminate behavior in a young boy is a source of concern and confusion for parents, teachers, and the child. It also represents a therapeutic dilemma for the child psychiatrist. The case of a five-year-old boy with gender identity disorder of childhood is presented and the literature on hypotheses of etiology, treatment, and long-term follow-up is reviewed. The ethical and philosophic...

Technologies such as virtual worlds have become an increasing area for research over the past several years. Many active internet users are using virtual worlds like Second Life for social interactions of all kinds. These mediums are a growing trend for online communication; the impacts of using this technology are of importance. In this paper, the authors discuss leading areas of concern relat...

Pain at the end of life continues to be of great concern as it may be unrecognized or untreated. While nurses have an ethical obligation to reduce suffering at the end of life, barriers remain regarding appropriate and adequate pain management at the end of life. This position statement from the American Society for Pain Management Nursing contains recommendations for nurses, prescribers, and i...

Different nations interact differently with problems based on their different traditional background, interest, as well as their different approaches. But there are issues which need common perspective and the same sense of responsibility in doing good things that concern all such as induced abortion. In this article the researcher analyzed induced abortion from an Islamic ethical point of view...