Objective: I update the analysis of attitudinal polarization originally presented in DiMaggio, Evans and Bryson (DEB) (1996) by using newly available survey data. Method: Like DEB, I derive aggregate distributional parameters for social groups in each year of the surveys, and then regress the year of the surveys on each parameter. Results: As in DEB’s original paper, there is little evidence of...

W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Earth and Environmental Sc...

Introduction: Dental caries is a diet-associated disease which continues to be a serious health problem in most industrialized and developing countries. Strategies to maximize caries prevention should automatically consider the use of sugar substitutes. It is important that public health authorities are made cognizant of the availability of new polyol-type sugar substitutes. Review Summary: Cli...

A dynamic energy budget (DEB) model for microalgae is proposed. This model deviates from the standard DEB model as it needs more reserves to cope with the variation of assimilation pathways, requiring a different approach to growth based on the synthesizing unit (SU) theory for multiple substrates. It is shown that the model is able to accurately predict experimental data in constant and light-...

Benthic colonial organisms exhibit a wide variation in size and shape and provide excellent model systems for testing the predictions of models that describe the scaling of metabolic rate with organism size. We tested the hypothesis that colony form will influence metabolic scaling and its derivatives by characterising metabolic and propagule production rates in three species of freshwater bryo...

Examination of 729 isolates of Proteus rettgeri showed that 674 reacted positively in tests for phenylalanine deamination, indole production, growth on citrate, and acid production from meso-inositol, and negatively for L-ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from lactose, maltose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose. Only 51 isolates differed in one, and four differed in two of these ten reactio...

A total of 849 Providencia isolates were collected during a 4-year period when an increased incidence of nosocomial Providencia stuartii infection was noted in urologic wards. Of these isolates, 630 were identified as P. stuartii, 206 were identified as Providencia rettgeri, and 1 was identified as Providencia alcalifaciens. Twelve inositol-positive isolates from 10 patients (10 strains) resemb...

Sugar alcohols (polyols) are used in food manufacturing and in medical tests and examinations. d-Glucitol (sorbitol) and d-mannitol were previously the most common alditols used for these purposes. After the 1960s, xylitol became a common ingredient in noncariogenic confectioneries, oral hygiene products, and diabetic food. Erythritol, a polyol of the tetritol type, can be regarded as the sweet...

The discovery of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids raises the important question of the nature and regulation of the enzymes involved in this pathway. CLA1, a gene previously isolated from Arabidopsis, encodes the first enzyme of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase. We demonstrate this enzyme ...

With the abundance of energy/ vitamin drinks to choose from, combined with an emphasis on lower calories, more and more individuals are focusing on their daily sugar intake before consuming these drinks. With this consideration, this application highlights both the LC separation of various sugars and erythritol (sugar alcohol) as well as the analysis of these components in a selection of three ...