The values of the parameters r, t, St, T , and K used to price a call option via the Black-Scholes formula can be easily obtained from market data. Estimating the volatility coefficient σ can be a more difficult task, and several estimation methods are considered in this section with some examples of how the Black-Scholes formula can be fitted to market data. We cover the historical, implied, a...

BACKGROUND Ethnicity is an important determinant of cardiovascular adaptation in athletes. Studies in black male athletes reveal a higher prevalence of electric repolarization and left ventricular hypertrophy than observed in white males; these frequently overlap with those observed in cardiomyopathy and have important implications in the preparticipation cardiac screening era. There are no rep...

We present general methods for simulating black-box Hamiltonians using quantum walks. These techniques have two main applications: simulating sparse Hamiltonians and implementing black-box unitary operations. In particular, we give the best known simulation of sparse Hamiltonians with constant precision. Our method has complexity linear in both the sparseness D (the maximum number of nonzero el...

Background—Ethnicity is an important determinant of cardiovascular adaptation in athletes. Studies in black male athletes reveal a higher prevalence of electric repolarization and left ventricular hypertrophy than observed in white males; these frequently overlap with those observed in cardiomyopathy and have important implications in the preparticipation cardiac screening era. There are no rep...

Time’s apparent passage has long been debated by philosophers, with no decisive argument for or against its objective existence. In this paper we show that introducing the issue of determinism gives the debate a new, empirical twist. We prove that any theory that states that the basic laws of physics are time-symmetric must be strictly deterministic. It is only determinism that enables time rev...

Abstract We calculate the quasinormal modes (QNM) frequencies of a test massless scalar field and an electromagnetic around static black holes in f ( T ) gravity. Focusing on quadratic modifications, which is good approximation for every realistic theory, we first extract spherically symmetric solutions using perturbative method, imposing two ansätze metric functions, suitably quantify deviatio...