Previous experimental work by Gundel and Wawner showed that the matrix alloy has a strong effect on reaction layer growth in Ti alloy/SCS-6 composite systems. A finite difference technique was used to model the reaction layer growth, which predicts the same trends as those exhibited by the experimental data. Matrix alloying elements such as Mo and Cr in metastable R alloys will affect the equil...

Because of the coupling between local lipid composition and the thickness of the membrane, microphase separation in two-component lipid membranes can take place; such effects may underlie the formation of equilibrium nanoscale rafts. Using a kinetic description, this phenomenon is analytically and numerically investigated. The phase diagram is constructed through the stability analysis for line...

A general thermodynamic argument shows that multi-component matter in full chemical equilibrium, with uniform entropy per baryon, is generally stably stratified. This is particularly relevant for neutron stars, in which the effects of entropy are negligible compared to those of the equilibrium composition gradient established by weak interactions. It can therefore be asserted that, regardless o...

The recovery of ethanol from aqueous solutions was studied by using supercritical carbon dioxide. At 333.2 K and 10.0 MPa, vapor /liquid equilibrium data of the mixture CO2 /ethanol /water were determined. No azeotrope was observed. Theoretical calculation of equilibrium stages was performed and compared with countercurrent column experiments. Separation of extract and solvent was optimized by ...

In a simplified model we study the hadronization of quark matter in an expanding fireball, in particular the approach to a final hadronic composition in equilibrium. Ideal hadron gas equilibrium constrained by conservation laws, the fugacity parametrization, as well as linear and non-linear coalescence approaches are recognized as different approximations to this in-medium quark fusion process....

The paper develops a theory that endogenizes the currency composition of international nominal bond portfolios in general equilibrium. It emphasizes the critical roles of government debt and of government policies, and thereby reconnects to the partial equilibrium portfolio balance literature of the 1980s. Consistent with recent empirical findings, optimal private sector foreign currency positi...

A three-dimensional, size-resolved and chemically resolved aerosol model is developed. Gas-to-particle conversion is represented by dynamic mass transfer between the gas and aerosol phases. Particle-phase thermodynamics is computed by a new thermodynamic model, Simulating Composition of Atmospheric Particles at Equilibrium 2. The aerosol model is applied to simulate gas and aerosol behavior in ...

Existing DNA nanodevices operate at equilibrium under changes in solution composition. We propose an alternative DNA switch design that can be driven and maintained out of equlibrium, under fixed chemical conditions. Moderate cooling rate after heat denaturation drives the switch to its lowest energy conformation, while rapid cooling (>100 degrees C/ms) locks the molecule in a unique alternativ...

The paper studies simple strategies of labor tax reform in a search and matching model of the labor market featuring endogenous labor supply. Changing the composition of the tax wedge—that is, reducing a payroll tax and increasing a progressive wage tax such that the marginal tax wedge remains unaffected—increases employment, reduces the equilibrium unemployment rate, and increases public reven...

Metagenomic approaches applied to viruses have highlighted their prevalence in almost all microbial ecosystems investigated. In all ecosystems, notably those associated with humans or animals, the viral fraction is dominated by bacteriophages. Whether they contribute to dysbiosis, i.e., the departure from microbiota composition in symbiosis at equilibrium and entry into a state favoring human o...