We examine the paradox of the surprise examination using dynamic epistemic logic. This logic contains means of expressing epistemic facts as well as the effects of learning new facts, and is therefore a natural framework for representing the puzzle. We discuss a number of different interpretations of the puzzle in this context, and show how the failure of principle of success, that states that ...

In this paper, I analyse the usage of a discourse marker =mari, belonging to epistemic paradigm attested in Upper Napo Kichwa (Quechuan, Ecuador). show that use =mari indicates information is known well speaker, but also some extent familiar addressee. situated language use, contributes creating knowing stance speaker. The analysis presented here based on 13-h documentary corpus interactive dis...

Abstract This paper analyses the preverbal morpheme te, used in both apprehensive ‘precautioning’ sentences and one of two prohibitive constructions Papapana (papa1265, Austronesian, Oceanic; Papua New Guinea). I aim to establish whether there is a diachronic relationship between functions te , which direction, how why semantic change may have occurred. requires consideration synchronic differe...

A number of individuals and organizations have considerable influence over the selection of global health priorities and strategies. For some that influence derives from control over financial resources. For others it comes from expertise and claims to moral authority—what can be termed, respectively, epistemic and normative power. In contrast to financial power, we commonly take for granted th...