The use of traditional biocides to halt or reduce biodeterioration is increasingly deterred, due risks for human health and the environment, as well potential interference with stone materials. Alternative eco-friendly substances are needed limit these issues. Here we aim evaluate devitalization lichens by a new bio-based product: wood distillate (also known pyroligneous acid), by-product plant...

In a littoral cave system, abiotic environmental properties, such as the intensity and spectral distribution of light, often change going from the exterior to the interior part of the cave, filtering the light and thus creating a deep-sea irradiance setting for marine flora. In this mini-review, we suggest that the supralittoral zone in littoral caves might provide a sanctuary for mesophotic ca...

1. This study investigated how the size of crevices might affect their effectiveness as refuges for diatom-dominated algal assemblages from the grazing minnow Campostoma anomalum. 2. Crevice size was manipulated by making fired-clay substrates, using moulds to produce eight substrates with pits from 1.17 to 22.0 mm diameter. Non-pitted clay-stones and limestone were also tested. Cages were used...