Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize (Zea mays L.) crops in Brazil. The effects of beta-cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, spinosad, etofenprox, triflumuron, alpha-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron, and lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) immature stages we...

Insect pests represent a major threat to food crops and human health, therefore have be combated in several ways, including chemical methods. However, researchers demonstrated that these molecules are dangerous for the farmers, consumers environment general. For this reason, scientists permanently searched friendly alternatives such as use of bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis classified one best...

ABSTRACT: We evaluated under field conditions the toxicity of insecticides previously identified as harmful in laboratory and semifield bioassays on parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were conducted during 2019/20 2020/21 harvests rice fields. Following recommendations International Organization for Biological Integrated Control (IOBC), four appl...