The accelerated development of wireless network technology has resulted in the emergence Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), which is a commonly used medical field. WBAN consists tiny sensor nodes that interconnect with each other and set human body to collect transmit patient data physician, monitor patients remotely. These typically have limited battery energy led shortage lifetime. Therefore,...

Tree routing is one of the detouring strategies employed in geographic routing to help find a detour for a packet to leave a local minimum. The effectiveness of tree routing depends on the quality of the pre-constructed routing trees. Existing tree construction methods build trees in a top-down and centralized fashion and do not consider the traffic pattern and residual energy of the network. T...

Presently, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are being used extensively in the defense, private, domestic, etc. fields and each of these emulates a personal area network (PAN). A MANET does not require any infrastructure; moreover, it can behave as a mobile network. These features have boosted the popularity of MANETs in the community. As more and more fields become dependent on MANETs, the syste...