Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is diagnosed in ∼1% of children. The main goal of treatment is preservation of renal function by preventing recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) refractory to antibiotic therapy. Surgical treatment options include endoscopic injection or ureteral reimplantation. Subureteral Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) injection (STING) is an endoscopic treatment option no lon...

The outcome for endoscopic management of pancreatic fluid collections is dependent on the type of collection being treated. While pseudocysts have an excellent treatment response, the outcomes are modest for walled ‐off pancreatic necrosis. Recent advances in cross‐sectional body imaging have enabled more accurate distinction of pancreatic fluid collections, which in turn facilitates correct tr...

this study examined the effects of implanted cortisol (to imitate chronic stress) on the hematological responses and cortisol values of female great sturgeon, huso huso, after an endoscopic operation. at the beginning of experiment, all the fish were examined using an endoscope to evaluate gonad development. then, in order to mimic chronic stress following surgery, capsules of cocoa?? butter co...

introduction: endoscopic repair is considered the treatment of choice in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) rhinorrhea. the aim of our study was to analyze the etiopathogenesis of csf rhinorrhea, the outcome of treatment and the causes of failure in a developing-country setting.   materials and methods: a retrospective review of patients treated with endoscopic repair for csf rhinorrhea at a tertiary ca...

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been established as an optional treatment for achalasia. POEM is an endoluminal procedure that involves dissection of esophageal muscle fibers followed by submucosal tunneling. Inoue first attempted to use POEM for the treatment of achalasia in humans. Expanded indications of POEM include classic indications such as type I, type II, type III achalasia, fail...

BACKGROUND The accepted management of Mirizzi's syndrome is surgical, but endoscopic and percutaneous management have been described. AIM To review our experience of endoscopic intervention for Mirizzi's syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS ERCP reports of patients presenting for endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis between March 1989 and June 1995 were reviewed. Those with cholangiograph...

The prognosis for gastric cancer depends on its stage; so, detection in the early stage of disease is important, when complete and curative removal is possible. Accurate diagnosis can be facilitated by a sound understanding of the basic findings of white light endoscopy of early gastric cancer, and diagnosis can be refined further by the combined use of other imaging modalities such as image-en...