Introduction. Genetic changes which cause endometrial cancer may be discovered by simple comparison of tumor with normal tissues, and correlating clinicopathologic with genotypic features. More difficult is the specific elaboration of those interacting events which may transpire in a particular sequence during a protracted interval of carcinogenesis. A small burden of premalignant cells makes t...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the innate immune system by initiating and directing immune response to pathogens. TLRs are expressed in the human endometrium and their regulation might be crucial for the pathogenesis of endometrial diseases. METHODS TLR3 and TLR4 expression was investigated during the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal endometrium consideri...

The high-mobility group A protein 2 (HMGA2) is a non-histone chromatin factor highly expressed in fetal tissue and malignant tumors but rarely detected within normal adult tissues. The clinical implications and biological functions of HMGA2 in endometrial carcinoma are largely unknown. Here we report that HMGA2 expression was barely detected in benign endometrium samples (2 of 28 samples). Howe...

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited predisposition to a number of epithelial cancers, most notably colorectal and endometrial cancer. Outside of the context of Lynch syndrome there is little evidence for an autosomal dominant or recessive condition that predisposes to endometrial cancer. Recently, genetic variants ...

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy in Japan. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) is viewed as the premalignant lesion of EC, however it is often difficult to distinguish EC from AEH. The rate of concurrent EC in women diagnosed preoperatively with AEH based on endometrial biopsy was reported as 17-52%. Although hysteroscopic inspection and total curettage...

Tamoxifen has been prescribed to millions of females for breast cancer prevention or treatment. However, tamoxifen is known to significantly enhance the risk of developing endometrial lesions, including hyperplasia, polyps, carcinomas, and sarcoma. Notably, tamoxifen-associated endometrial cancer often has a poor clinical outcome. Understanding the molecular mechanism of tamoxifen-induced endom...

Objective: To study the prevalence of various histopathological changes, patterns and lesions endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Methodology: All fixed specimens were processed embedded paraffin wax. Multiple serial sections 4-5 microns thickness obtained from block then stained H & E. The observations our analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5. average values are statist...

BACKGROUND The uterine endometrial polyp (EMP) has a potential risk of developing malignant tumors especially in postmenopausal women. These malignancies include endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight patients with EIC in the EMP, who were postmenopausal with ages ranging from 49 to 76 years (av. 62), were cytologically reviewed in comparison with histological...