: optical separate spatial dark and bright soliton pairs in steady-state case in one dimension, for a series circuit consisting of two-photon photorefractive (pr) crystal are investigated. each crystal can be supported the spatial soliton, and at least one must be photovoltaic. the two solitons are known collectively as separate spatial soliton pairs with dark–dark, bright–dark and bright–brigh...

Abstract One of the earliest indicators importance shock acceleration solar energetic particles (SEPs) was broad spatial extent “gradual” SEP events produced as waves, driven by wide, fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs), expand across Sun with cross-field transport mediated shocks. Contrasting “impulsive” events, characteristic enhancements 3 He and heavy elements, are now associated magnetic re...

urban settlements and their connectivity will be the dominant driver of global change during the twenty-first century. in an attempt to assess the effects of urban growth on available land for other uses and its associated impacts on environmental parameters, we modeled the change in the extent of gorgan city, the capital of the golestan province of iran. we used landsat tm and etm+ imagery of ...

We analyze transport data from a quantum point contact (QPC), fabricated on a modulation doped Si/SiGe heterostructure, to extract experimental estimates for the valley splitting. The experimental data are fit to a form derived from a valley coupling theory that takes into account the fact that the quantum well is grown on a miscut substrate. The results of the fitting analysis are compared to ...

This study focuses on electronic collaboration based on inter-organizational information systems (IOIS), particularly between dominant buyers and their suppliers. From the suppliers’ perspective, we examine ways to achieve higher performance by increasing the extent to which they proactively participate in business activities using IOIS. We propose that electronic collaboration consists of two ...