Using the energy power supply concept, this paper proposes a DC voltage source with limited energy storage capacity, which models: the energy storage capacity of the batteries, the involved energy transfer process and the constant voltage output behavior when the battery has storage energy. Further, this circuit source is used for understanding the combined electrical circuitbased battery model...

The negative impact of the automotive industry on climate change can be tackled by changing from fossil driven vehicles towards battery electric vehicles with no tailpipe emissions. However their adoption mainly depends on the willingness to pay for the extra cost of the traction battery. The goal of this paper is to predict the cost of a battery pack in 2030 when considering two aspects: first...

The battery management system (BMS) of a hybrid-electric-vehicle (HEV) battery pack comprises hardware and software to monitor pack status and optimize performance. One of its important functions is to execute algorithms that continuously estimate battery state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and available power. The accuracy of these algorithms is critical for the proper sizing of the ...

P ERSONAL transportation offers people freedom, but this choice of freedom creates a conflict with growing environmental concerns and the sustainability of humanity's use of natural resources. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) improve fuel efficiency by optimizing powertrain operation and recovering kinetic energy during braking, hence reducing liquid fuel consumption in the transportation sector...

This paper illustrates the study of three isolated zero voltage switched (ZVS) PWM full bridge (FB) converters to charge the high voltage battery in the charger of electric vehicle (EV). EV battery chargers have several challenges such as high efficiency, high reliability, low cost, isolation, and high power density. The cost of magnetic and filter components in the battery charger is reduced w...

The economic operation of battery swapping stations (BSSs) is significant for the promotion of large-scale electric vehicles. This paper develops a linear programming model to maximize the daily operation profits of a BSS by considering constraints of the battery swapping demand of users and the charging/discharging balance of batteries in the BSS. Based on the BSS configuration and data from e...

A multi-mode power-split (MMPS) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two planetary gearsets and clutches/grounds which results in several operation modes with enhanced electric drive capability and better fuel economy. Basically, the battery storage system is involved in different operation modes to satisfy the power demand and minimize the fuel consumption, whereas the complicated operation modes...

In this study, a three dimensional (3D) modeling has been built for a lithium ion battery pack using the field synergy principle to obtain a better thermal distribution. In the model, the thermal behavior of the battery pack was studied by reducing the maximum temperature, improving the temperature uniformity and considering the difference between the maximum and maximum temperature of the batt...

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the us...

This paper presents a design method of a torque control strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) by using fuzzy logic. Taking the driver command, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and the motor/generator speed as inputs, a fuzzy controller and relevant fuzzy rules have been developed to effectively determine the torque distribution between electric motor (EM) and internal c...