The function of the elbow is to be subservient to the hand in the sense that the elbow enables the hand and fingers to be placed at desired distances from the body. Two types of motion are required to position the hand. The first, and principal one, is the shortening and lengthening of the distance the hand is positioned from the body. The hand may be brought out at full arm's length, as when t...

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may be used to prevent strength loss associated with post-surgical immobilization. Most studies testing the effectiveness of NMES have trained the knee extensors. The purpose of this investigation was to test the effectiveness of NMES when training the elbow flexors. Twenty-four students were randomly assigned to one of three groups: NMES training, is...

PURPOSE Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs after unaccustomed physical activity or competitive sport, resulting in stiff, painful muscles with impaired function. Acustat electro-membrane microcurrent therapy has been used to treat postoperative pain and soft tissue injury; however, its efficacy in reducing symptoms of muscle damage is not known. METHODS Thirty healthy men were recrui...

OBJECTIVE This randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, two parallel group study was conducted to assess the beneficial effect of injection of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) into the subscapularis muscle on shoulder pain in stroke patients with spastic hemiplegia. METHODS A single dose of botulinum toxin A (500 Speywood units) or placebo was injected into the subcapularis muscle. Pain was a...

40 Previous studies in neurologically intact subjects have shown that motor coordination can be 41 described by task-dependent combinations of a few muscle synergies, defined here as a fixed 42 pattern of activation across a set of muscles. Arm function in severely impaired stroke survivors 43 is characterized by stereotypical postural and movement patterns involving the shoulder and 44 elbow. ...

BACKGROUND OnabotulinumtoxinA has demonstrated significant benefit in adult focal spasticity. This study reviews the injection patterns (i.e., muscle distribution, dosing) of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of adult spasticity, as reported in published studies. METHODS A systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies published between 1990 and 2011 reporting data on muscles i...

BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women typically experience accelerated muscle loss which has a negative effect on strength. The maximum daily recommended dosage of ibuprofen (1,200 mg) following resistance exercise has been shown to increase muscle hypertrophy and strength in older adults. This study aimed to determine the effects of low-dose ibuprofen (400 mg) immediately following resistance exerci...

OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of commonly used long and short styles of commercially produced wrist extension orthoses on the activity of the proximal muscles of the shoulder and elbow and on wrist flexor and extensor muscle activity. METHOD While 17 women between 22 and 40 years of age (M = 26.6) performed a specified movement wearing each of the two styles of orthosis and without...

BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating the windmill softball pitch have focused primarily on shoulder musculature and function, collecting limited data on elbow and forearm musculature. Little information is available in the literature regarding the forearm. This study documents forearm muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity that has not been previously published. PURPOSE Elbow and upper ...

Football, also known as soccer, is the world's most popular sport, which involves multiple factors that consist of physiological, technical, tactical, mental and physical components. The technical skills involved in game are juggling, speed dribbling, passing, shooting heading. Repetitive impacts head to ball have been shown result potential overload mechanism during game. injuries heading high...