We discuss the relative merits of optimistic and randomized approaches to exploration in reinforcement learning. Optimistic approaches presented in the literature apply an optimistic boost to the value estimate at each state-action pair and select actions that are greedy with respect to the resulting optimistic value function. Randomized approaches sample from among statistically plausible valu...

Introduction An influential conjecture in neuroscience states that a brain organized according to principles of hierarchical predictive coding (HPC) can effectively and efficiently perform genuine Bayesian inferences, providing a neurally plausible account of how Bayesian models of cogntion may be physically implemented in the brain. However, each key subcomputation invoked in HPC potentially h...

Several other methods of achieving dynamic range control were also discussed in the previous chapter. These methods are typically unsharp mask filters with large kernel sizes, and multi-scale approaches such as multi scale image contrast amplification (MUSICA) developed by the Agfa-Gevaert company (Vuylsteke & Schoeters, 1999). In achieving their goal of dynamic range control, these methods alt...

The precise probability of a compound event (e.g. e1 _ e2; e1 ^ e2) depends upon the known relationships (e.g. independence, mutual exclusion, ignorance of any relationship, etc.) between the primitive events that constitute the compound event. To date, most research on probabilistic logic programming 20, 19, 22, 23, 24] has assumed that we are ignorant of the relationship between primitive eve...

Brain tumor segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) is an important task to measure tumor responses to treatments. However, automatic segmentation is very challenging. This paper presents an automatic brain tumor segmentation method based on a Normalized Gaussian Bayesian classification and a new 3D Fluid Vector Flow (FVF) algorithm. In our method, a Normalized Gaussian Mixture Model...

The aim of this article is first to familiarize readers with key conceptual constructs related to the resilience theory, focusing in particular on educational resilience. Emerging from resilience theory and models that are already used to foster resilience and as a consequence improve the quality of mental health and learning efficiency in different parts of the world, we are going to explore t...

Recently, researchers from multiple disciplines have been showing their common interest in automatic question generation for educational purposes. In this paper, we review the state of the art of approaches to developing educational applications of question generation. We conclude that although a great variety of techniques on automatic question generation exists, just a small amount of educati...

introduction: clinical education is an integral part of physiotherapy education and has a special status. during this course, the students gradually acquire experience and prepare their minds to solve patient’s problems. like all programs, clinical education has formed by processes and elements on which some external factors are effective. this study has focused on the internal elements and ext...

as hemophilia is a chronic bleeding disease and can interfere with daily performance of children, these children require continuous training to prevent bleeding and take timely action (1). since children nurses play an important role in the education of involved children and their selfefficacy and also due to today’s approach which is using educational computer games, the use of educational gam...