The circular economy (CE) presents an alternative perspective to the linear take-make-use-dispose model prevalent in industrial value chains. CE envisions economies operating like natural ecosystems—restorative and waste-free, underpinned by principles such as reuse, repair, share, pay-for-use. Surprisingly, although these align with fundamentals of service management, there is limited scholarl...

Non-technical summaryMany conservation initiatives call for ‘transformative change’ to counter biodiversity loss, climate change, and injustice. The term connotes fundamental, broad, durable changes human relationships with nature. However, if oversimplified or overcomplicated, not focused enough on power the political action necessary associated can perpetuate exacerbate existing crises. This ...

INTRODUCTION sys t em and on a v a r i e t y of t ime s c a l e s . Hack and G o o d l e t t (1960) a r g u e t h a t t h e l a n d s c a p e and v e g e t a t i o n development models N a t u r a l ecosys tems deve lop th rough the i n t e r p l a y of p h y s i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l f ac c f Davis and Clements are i n c o r r e c t i n t o r s . B i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s have ...