This article exploits two newspaper archives to track economic policy uncertainty in Spain 1905-1945, a period of extreme political polarization. We find that the outbreak civil war 1936 was anticipated by striking upward level shift both newspapers. study dynamics behind this and provide evidence strong empirical link between increasing rise divisive issues at time: socio-economic conflict, re...

British Military Hospital Dharan provides the surgeon with an opportunity, unparalleled anywhere in the United Kingdom to observe and manage a range of malignancies. The historical and contemporary reasons for this are outlined. The paper illustrates the military hospital experience and mode of presentation of a wide range of malignant conditions treated during the tour. Differences from United...

The clinical experience of an army surgeon in a military hospital in East Nepal is discussed. The truly general nature of the work load is highlighted and the need for a broad based general training in surgery for such a task is well illustrated. A high degree of interdisciplinary cooperation was experienced and was indeed essential for good clinical practice. The health problems of a developin...

background: provide a review of occupational medicine history in world and iran methods: many books, papers and sites on the occupational medicine history were reviewed. results: occupational medicine have been shaped by the forces that shape work itself, social evolution, changing modes of production, shifting economic powers, and demographic changes in the workforce. hippocrates emphasized th...

The armed forces and the army are main elements of national power. Military readiness gives real significance to the geography, natural resources, and industrial power. Military elements of national power include military purposes, military doctrines, military strategies and policies (defensive and non-defensive), forces, training, command, military technology, weapons and equipment, military o...

extended abstractintroductionafter the cold war, geostrategic face took on a geo-economic domain. this means that on the world stage, economic competition, replaced military competition. hence the geopolitical divisions, geographic areas classified according to their economic importance and competition has intensified around the area. given that the earth is 4/3 with water and based on the theo...

A comprehensive framework is developed and applied to estimate the economic costs incurred by the Soviet Union in acquiring, maintaining, and expanding its empire. The terms "empire" and "costs" are explicitly defined. Between 1971 and 1980, the average ratio between empire costs and Soviet gross national product was about 3.5 percent; as a ratio to Soviet military spending, empire costs averag...

This paper considers the effects of corruption and government spending on economic growth. It starts from an endogenous growth model and extends it to account for the detrimental effects of corruption on the potentially productive components of government spending, namely military and investment spending. The resulting model is estimated on a sample of African countries and the results show, fi...