This review provides a description of common and distinct characteristics economic ecological systems; examples the ways in which these can be incorporated into models adequately describing coevolution two-component systems to produce unified ecological-economic system time, space, appropriate scale; discussion policy design when maker takes account this coevolution, along with potential biases...

The patterns and outcomes of coevolution are expected to depend on intraspecific trait variation. Various evolutionary factors can change this variation in time. As a result, modeling coevolutionary processes solely terms mean values may not be sufficient; one need study the dynamics whole distribution. Here, we develop theoretical framework for studying effects evolving two-species systems. In...

As the impacts of global change continue to unfold worldwide (Díaz et al., 2019; IPCC, 2021; Maxwell 2016), understanding ability ecological systems respond threats has become a pressing societal need (CBD, 2010; UNISDR, 2015). In recent decades, anthropogenic stressors impacting have escalated at unprecedented rates in both number and severity (Barnosky 2012; Díaz Newbold Despite efforts preve...

Social-ecological systems’ dynamics challenge institutions and their functions. For a socio-ecological system to be sustainable, a balanced interdependence of societal and ecological systems is vital. Provided the diversity of social-ecological system contexts, different institutional functions are required for sustaining the balanced interdependence of a social-ecological system. In our paper,...