Many studies have been done over the years to assess the effectiveness of Echinacea as an immunomodulator. We have assessed the potential bioavailability of alkyl- amides and caffeic acid conjugates using Caco-2 monolayers and compared it to their actual bioavailability in a Phase I clinical trial. The caffeic acid conjugates permeated poorly through the Caco-2 monolayers. Alkylamides were foun...

Background: Applications of natural ingredients not only increase the shelf life of food but also omit the problems of synthetic preservatives compounds. Objective: Cinnamon verum essential oil (CVEO 0.05, 0.1, 0.15%) and Echinacea purpurea extract (EPE 0.25, 0.5, 0.75%) were added to Kolompe (a traditional cookie in Kerman-Iran) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects were compared wi...

The herb Echinacea purpurea, also called purple coneflower, is regarded as an immune modulator. This study examined changes in cytokine production in blood samples from 30 volunteers before and during 8-day oral administration with an ethanolic extract of fresh Echinacea purpurea (Echinaforce(®)). Daily blood samples were ex vivo stimulated by LPS/SEB or Zymosan and analysed for a series of cyt...

HIGHLIGHTS Phytocomponent content of each sample is quite high and different from other. Tuber extract Orchis purpurea the most effective againts to pathogens. Most extracts are better antioxidants than ascorbic acid according DPPH test results.