The Contemporary Middle East in an Age of UpheavalJames L. Gelvin, ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021. $28.00. 368 pp.Revolutionary Life: Everyday the Arab SpringAsef Bayat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard £30.95/$35.00. 336 pp.The Unfinished History Iran–Iraq War: Faith, Firepower, and Iran’s Revolutionary GuardsAnnie Tracy Samuel. Cambridge: Cambridge £75.00. 302 pp.Escaping Conflict Tr...

OBJECTIVES This paper compares patterns of smoking and high-risk alcohol use across regions in England, and assesses the impact on these of adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN Population survey of 53 922 adults in England aged 16+ taking part in the Alcohol and Smoking Toolkit Studies. MEASURES Participants answered questions regarding their socioeconomic status (SES), ge...

Wherever the garden of Eden may have been located, most people believe that the development of the modern apple is the result of hybridisations through the centuries of cultivation with wild species growing in Europe and elsewhere. But work carried out at the University of Oxford suggests an entirely different provenance for the apple: a remote and remarkable valley region on the borders of Kaz...

excess of expenditure over receipts, happily a thing which seldom occurs. He then drew attention to the resolution of the Committee to carry out an extensive series of improvements in the hospital and its equipment, in spite of the possible objection that this is a bad time for incurring expenses which might be avoided. These same improvements, he said, were found to be necessary ten years ago ...

75 despair, as all certainties—even the putative postmodern certainty of exposing all certainties—become steadily bereft of intellectual or existential justification. By contrast, Vico, though a “genealogist of modernity” not unlike Nietzsche, kept one foot resolutely in the Catholic-Augustinian tradition. This tradition supplied him with the normative intellectual resources to offer qualified ...