This paper investigates the effects of surface wettability and initial conditions on early frost formation for hydrophobic, hydrophilic, bare aluminum flat surfaces. The new data revealed that average droplet sizes were larger size distributions wider hydrophilic than hydrophobic was due to a coalescence phenomenon occurring before droplets froze into ice beads. Because relative high sub-freezi...

In the Kansas Flint Hills, grassland burning is conducted during a relatively narrow window because management recommendations for the past 40 years have been to burn only in late spring. Widespread prescribed burning within this restricted time frame frequently creates smoke management issues downwind. A potential remedy for the concentrated smoke production in late spring is to expand burning...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physiological data suggest that autumn leaf colours of deciduous trees are adaptations to environmental stress. Recently, the evolution of autumn colouration has been linked to tree condition and defence. Most current hypotheses presume that autumn colours vary between tree individuals. This study was designed to test if within-tree variation should be taken into account in ...

Abstract The underlying mechanisms for Arctic sea ice decline can be categories as those directly related to changes in atmospheric circulations (often referred dynamic mechanisms) and the rest (broadly characterized thermodynamic processes). An attribution analysis based on self-organizing maps (SOM) method is performed determine relative contributions from these two types of August–October du...