Several English and Spanish language tests currently used in bilingual education and some less known tests are reviewed, looking at both historic and psychometric factors. It is suggested that practitioners have commonly assumed that all language tests are basically valid, which contributed to the commercial success of some tests of questionable validity, ill-suited to the purpose of educationa...

One aspect of the utility of gambling may evidence itself in failures of idempotence, i.e., when all chance outcomes give rise to the same consequence the ‘gamble’ may not be indifferent to its common consequence. Under the assumption of segregation, such gambles can be expressed as the joint receipt of the common consequence and what we call ‘an element of chance’, namely, the same gamble with...

Corn produced in the southeastern United States has higher levels of aflatoxin than corn produced in the Corn Belt states of the Midwest (Zuber et al.,1976). Because corn acreage has increased recently in Louisiana, there is a growing concern among corn producers regarding levels of aflatoxin in their grain. Although the most effective control of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination is through...