A continuous butanol production system with high-density Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 generated by cell recycling was established to examine the characteristics of butanol fermentation from xylose. In continuous culture without cell recycling, cell washout was avoided by maintaining pH>5.6 at a dilution rate of 0.26 h(-1), indicating pH control was critical to this experiment. Su...

Abstract The geometric phase for classical electromagnetic light beams, in its original formulation as introduced by Pancharatnam, concerns fields experiencing cyclic, discrete in-phase polarization-state changes. A similar was later recognized Berry to govern the behavior of adiabatic quantum systems, with consequent extensions nonadiabatic and noncyclic evolutions state. However, no optical c...

In the environment, many microorganisms coexist in communities competing for resources, and they are often associated as biofilms. The investigation of bacterial ecology and interactions may help to improve understanding of the ability of biofilms to persist. In this study, the behaviour of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens in the planktonic and sessile states was compared. Planktonic...

extractcontinuing education is not new for us because there  is emphasis on learning and continuing education  in our culture including literature, religion, and special  traditions in different ways  .as prophet muhammad (pbuh) says: “seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave” that  it is emphasis on continuous learning and continuous. in the holy quran  the word of “alam “repeatedly stated ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partially replacing dry ground corn with glycerin on ruminal fermentation using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Six fermenters (1,223 ± 21 ml) were used in a replicated 3x3 Latin square arrangement with three periods of 10 d each, with 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collections. All diets contained 75% concentrate and...

This experiment aimed to determine the effects of camelina seed (CS) supplementation at different dietary fat levels on ruminal bacterial community composition and how it relates to changes in ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters (1,200-1,250 mL) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin squa...

we introduce the notions of t-dual rickart and strongly t-dual rickart modules. we provide several characterizations and investigate properties of each of these concepts. it is shown that every free (resp. finitely generated free) $r$-module is t-dual rickart if and only if $overline{z}^2(r)$ is a  direct summand of $r$ and end$(overline{z}^2(r))$ is a semisimple (resp. regular) ring. it is sho...

The negative effect of pH on rumen microbial fermentation has been associated with the total amount of time that pH is below a certain threshold. However, not only the time, but also the magnitude of the pH reduction, is important. Eight 1,325-mL dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in 2 replicated periods to determine the effect of the magnitude of pH reduction (5.6 vs. 5.1) durin...