BACKGROUND A global budgeting system helps control the growth of healthcare spending by setting expenditure ceilings. However, the hospital global budget implemented in Taiwan in 2002 included a special provision: drug expenditures are reimbursed at face value, while other expenditures are subject to discounting. That gives hospitals, particularly those that are for-profit, an incentive to incr...

from many other writings on the subject, is its discussion of the problem of evaluating MT systems. The proposed methodology is decomposed into three distinct areas: (i) evaluation by the system's designer; (ii) cost/benefit evaluation by the user; and (iii) linguistic evaluation by the user. This delineation serves as the framework for a more detailed and impressive, though by no means final, ...

Based on a comprehensive literature search, this meta review analyzes to what extent past literature reviews on IS business value have covered key research areas and preserved their key findings. The results show that while some areas have been explored extensively, some other crucial areas, such as accounting performance, the growth of intangible assets, and the differentiation between economi...

INTRODUCTION The pricing and reimbursement process in Bulgaria is based on different approaches implemented by NCPR among which is external and internal reference pricing A pharmacoeconomic guidelines (PE) with a HTA approach for assessment of submitted dossiers was implemented y the competent authority (CA) in Bulgaria in April 2015. Requirements for efficacy, safety, benefits, adverse events,...

BACKGROUND A key to reduce and eradicate racial disparities in hypertension outcomes is to understand their causes. We aimed at evaluating racial differences in antihypertensive drug utilization patterns and blood pressure control by insurance status, age, sex, and presence of comorbidities. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 8796 hypertensive individuals ≥18 years of age were identified from the...

Comparing data from both the 1999 MCBS and drug utilization data supplied by the survey respondents' pharmacies, the author details the methods used to determine the level of misreporting of drug expenditures in the MCBS. Findings suggest that prescription drug expenditures are underreported by 17 percent and the number of prescriptions used is underreported by 17.7 percent. The data also ident...

YouhadamanagementwhichknewwhatpeopleIemployees]coulddo'which took an interest in them and made demands' There were very strict guidelines dur ingthatt ime.| fyouhada.,conference' ' thatwentonha|f thenight, there werenoexcusesfornotarr iv ingatther ight t imethefol |owingmorning. l f you did not arrive on time you got a public reprimand' You had-to be there at 8 o'clock in the morning, in fresh ...

Large epidemiological databases are often used to examine matters pertaining to drug utilization, health services, and drug safety. The major strength of such databases is that they include large sample sizes, which allow precise estimates to be made. The IMS® LRx database has in recent years been used as a data source for epidemiological research. The aim of this paper is to review a number of...

Historically, all basic mathematical concepts of control theory were first stated and developed in continuous time, and subsequently reformed for discrete time, motivated by the growing role of digital computations and computer use. Although a majority of notions and results for continuousand discrete-time systems are almost identical, these two branches of the control science have been develop...

I HE J. H. Ames School, a labora tory school at Wisconsin State University in River Falls, completes a third year of use of hand-designed modular scheduling this year. Planning and implementation of this mode of education involved 100 students, grades six through nine. Instructional re sources and building facilities available dur ing this period could be considered adequate to superior, but we...