Existing and proposed metrics for household drinking-water services are intended to measure the availability, safety and accessibility of water sources. However, these attributes can be highly variable over time and space and this variation complicates the task of creating and implementing simple and scalable metrics. In this paper, we highlight those factors - especially those that relate to s...

Perchlorate (ClO4) contamination of ground and surface waters has placed drinking water supplies at risk in communities throughout the US, especially in the West. Several major assessment studies of that risk in terms of health and environmental impact are expected to be released by the US Environmental Protection Agency in early 1999, and preparations for how best to manage and minimize that r...

The possible association between the risk of gastric cancer and nitrate and hardness in drinking water from municipal supplies was investigated in a matched case-control study in Taiwan. Data on gastric cancer deaths among eligible residents in Taiwan from 1987 through 1991 (6,766 cases) were obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the Taiwan Provincial Department of Health. Controls we...

The estimated burden of endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) annually in Canada is 20·5 million cases. Approximately 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. A number of randomized controlled trials have been completed to estimate the influence of tap water from municipal drinking water plants on the burden of A...

We surveyed and selectively sampled the major water sources in Bamyan city surrounding area to assess quality. Water quality measurements were taken situ more samples collected for laboratory analysis from canals, rivers, springs, wells, supply systems. In urban areas, systems provide 36% of drinking water, but rural this source accounts only 7% supplies. Wells comprise 33% 15% supplies, respec...

Access to clean drinking water is one of the most fundamental of all human rights; however, many millions of people around the world, particularly in low-income, developing countries, are regularly exposed to water sources that are contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, or toxic levels of pollutants such as the metalloid arsenic (As) and heavy metal cadmium (Cd) (Smedley et al., 2002; UN-EP, 2010...

T HE DENTAL benefits from drinking water containing about 1 part per million (1 ppm = 1 mg/I) of fluoride ion during childhood are well known. The safety of adjusting public supplies of drinking water to this content of fluoride in temperate climates (or to about 0.7 ppm in hotter areas) is universally accepted among reputable professional groups with an interest in the problem of dental caries...

Wildlife populations can pose a variety of problems to managers of public water supplies. Further, new federal and state regulations governing the management and protection of drinking water supplies require greater consideration and mitigation of these problems. Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) manages watershed lands that provide high quality drinking water to more than 2.4 million peop...