a value chain is a series of events that takes a raw material and with each step adds value to it. global interest in the application of natural gas (ng) in production and transportation has grown dramatically, representing a long-term, low-cost, domestic, and secure alternative to petroleum-based fuels. many technological solutions are currently considered on the market or in development, whic...

Over 31% of the fossil fuel energy consumed in the United States comes from natural gas—even more important than coal, which accounts for 25% of the total fossil energy consumed. Unlike coal and petroleum, which can easily be shipped around the world by vessel, natural gas is almost exclusively transported by pipeline. As a result, the vast majority (over 95%) of the natural gas consumed in the...

INA d.d. has carried out systematic hydrocarbon exploration in Croatia since 1952. In the last 62 years it resulted in the discovery of 57 onshore oil and gas fields and 17 offshore gas fields, i.e. 1.4 billion boe of hydrocarbon reserves of which 1.2 billion boe was recovered. The Pannonian Basin can be considered a relatively well explored area where remaining potential should be looked for i...

A concentric gas-to-gas heat exchanger is designed for application as a recuperator in the domestic boiler industry. The recuperator recovers heat from the exhaust gases of a combustion process to preheat the ingoing gaseous fuel mixture resulting in increased fuel efficiency. This applied study shows the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations as an efficient design tool for heat...

Domestic violence against women is an important health issue, but few studies have focused on city of residence and ethnic differences. To estimate the prevalence of various forms of domestic violence and certain related factors, with a specific focus on city of residence and ethnicity, we studied 1820 married women attending public health centers in 4 large cities in Khuzestan Province, southw...

For the past three decades the quantity of petroleum (both oil and oil plus gas) found per foot of drilling effort in the United States for any given year can be expressed as a secular decrease of about 2 percent per year combined with an inverse function of drilling effort for that year. Extrapolation of energy costs and gains from petroleum drilling and extraction indicates that drilling for ...

The European Commission's attempt to update the Electricity and Gas Directives to underwrite unbundling and full liberalisation coincides with the California electricity crisis. The paper argues that compared to the US, much of the EU lacks the necessary legislative and regulatory power to mitigate generator market power. Unless markets are made more contestable, transmission capacity expanded ...

The implications of viewing the decision to kill oneself as a rational choice, based on an analysis of the costs and benefits, were explored. Suicide is but one symptom for an individual in distress to choose, and if suicide is prevented, other symptoms may appear in its place. Similarly, a critical question to be asked in suicide prevention is whether restriction of the availability of one met...