IN a recent analysis of the dynamics of the history of the older, more mature sciences Kuhn (1962, 1963) holds that each of them has reached the level of guidance by a paradigm. In one of its meanings a paradigm is a contentual model, universally accepted by practitioners of a science at a particular temporal period in its development. With this agreement among its practitioners, the paradigm d...

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, two great philosophers, Francis Bacon (1561–1626) in England and René Descartes (1596–1650) in France, proclaimed the birth of modern science. Each of them described his vision of the future. Their visions were very different. Bacon said, “All depends on keeping the eye steadily fixed on the facts of nature.” Descartes said, “I think, therefore I am....

issue of Hume’s problem of induction and is about what would nowadays be called philosophy (or psychology) of education rather than philosophy of science or general epistemology. Admittedly, Popper provides a clue to this background in Unended Quest. The theory of “noninductive” learning, he there remarks, was initially a theory about young children. And, as he also recalls, he was inclined to ...

This article focuses on attitudes towards state power in Czechoslovak literature the period 1948–1989, which can be divided into three stages of development. The first decade (from late 1940s to 1950s), when actively intervened incultural life and developed methods artistic creation management, was characterised by an unconditional acceptance praise gains socialism (including “industrial novel”...

global health research is essentially a normative undertaking: we use it to propose policies that ought to be implemented. to arrive at a normative conclusion in a logical way requires at least one normative premise, one that cannot be derived from empirical evidence alone. but there is no widely accepted normative premise for global health, and the actors with the power to set policies may use...

Global health research is essentially a normative undertaking: we use it to propose policies that ought to be implemented. To arrive at a normative conclusion in a logical way requires at least one normative premise, one that cannot be derived from empirical evidence alone. But there is no widely accepted normative premise for global health, and the actors with the power to set policies may use...

MEDICAL opinion is still strongly divided into two camps on the question of the incidence and extent of pulmonary syphilis. Some writers say that it is so rare that it can be counted as non-existent, while others call by this name a great many pulmonary conditions of indeterminate origin. It has been described as of three different forms: (I) Bronchitis in secondary syphilis; (2) Definite demon...

Waugh, M.A., M.Chir., F.R.C.S.(Eng.). Fourth Edition. (Pp. viii + 296. 12s. 6d.) London: Bailli6re, Tindall & Cox, 1956. TIlE whole field of orthopadics and fractures is attempted in the two hundred and eighty-six pages of this addition to the Aids Series. It illustrates many of the advantages and not a few of the disadvantages of such "cramming." It is small enough to slip into the jacket pock...