We extend the notion of immunity to closed sets and to Π1 classes in particular in two ways: immunity meaning the corresponding tree has no infinite computable subset, and tree-immunity meaning it has no infinite computable subtree. We separate these notions from each other and that of being special, and show separating classes for computably inseparable c.e. sets are immune and perfect thin cl...

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of a novel electrochemical label for sensitive electrochemical stripping metalloimmunoassays based on silver dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs). Silver dendrimer nanocomposites (Ag-DNCs) were synthesized from a generation 5-7 (G5-7) hydroxyl-terminated ethylenediamine-core-type (2-carbon core) PAMAM dendrimer. Several fixed ratios...

INTRODUCTION Acute painful diabetic neuropathy (APDN) is a distinctive diabetic polyneuropathy and consists of two subtypes: treatment-induced neuropathy (TIN) and diabetic neuropathic cachexia (DNC). The characteristics of APDN are (1.) the small-fibre involvement, (2.) occurrence paradoxically after short-term achievement of good glycaemia control, (3.) intense pain sensation and (4.) eventua...

2020年8月，脳死判定に関する国際コンセンサスが発表された。本稿では，小児，教育，記録，宗教，法律に関する事項について本邦の現状と対比して概説する。小児の問題点は，国際コンセンサスでは新生児も脳死/神経学的基準による死（brain death/death by neurologic criteria, BD/DNC）判定の適応になるが，本邦では生後12週以降でないと適応とならないことにある。教育の問題点は，判定医に対する教育体制が整っていないこと，また，医療者と一般市民のそれぞれに，脳死や臓器移植に関する教育が施されていないことにある。記録に関しては，補助検査に関する記載も必要であり，国際コンセンサスを参考に作成したチェックリストを紹介する。宗教の観点からは，多様な背景・考え方を理解して患者と家族を支援する必要がある。国際コンセンサスと本邦の現状を比較した際に，最も大きな問題点はB...

Multiple mobile robots with six PSD (Position Sensitive Detector) sensors are designed for experimentally evaluating the performance of two control systems. They are self-control mode and server-supervisory control mode. The control systems are considered to realize swarm behaviors such as Ligia exotica. This is done by using only information of PSD sensors. Experimental results show basic but ...

SLC25A19 mutations cause Amish lethal microcephaly (MCPHA), which markedly retards brain development and leads to alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria. Previous data suggested that SLC25A19, also called DNC, is a mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotide transporter. We generated a knockout mouse model of Slc25a19. These animals had 100% prenatal lethality by embryonic day 12. Affected embryos at embryonic day ...

We report on sensitive radio observations made with the VLA at 8.5 GHz, centered on the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). We collected data in the A, CnB, C, DnC, and D configurations, corresponding to angular resolutions ranging from 0.3 to 10. We detected 29 radio sources in a complete sample within 4.6 of the HDF center and above a flux density limit of 9.0 μJy (5 σ). Seven of these sources are locat...

BACKGROUND Many authors have claimed that snakebite risk is associated with human population density, human activities, and snake behavior. Here we analyzed whether environmental suitability of vipers can be used as an indicator of snakebite risk. We tested several hypotheses to explain snakebite incidence, through the construction of models incorporating both environmental suitability and soci...

Orientation, the spatial organization of animal behavior, is an essential faculty of animals. Bacteria and lower animals such as insects exhibit taxis, innate orientation behavior, directly toward or away from a directional cue. Organisms can also orient themselves at a specific angle relative to the cues. In this study, using Drosophila as a model system, we established a visual orientation co...

Standard model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms sample a new initial state for each trial, allowing them to optimize policies that can perform well even in highly stochastic environments. However, problems that exhibit considerable initial state variation typically produce high-variance gradient estimates for model-free RL, making direct policy or value function optimization cha...