The distribution of freight is a major contributor to the levels of traffic congestion in cities, yet it is much neglected in the research and planning activities of government, where the focus is disproportionately on passenger vehicle movements. Despite the recent recognition of the contribution of freight transportation to the performance of urban areas under the rubric of city logistics, we...

conclusions accidents resulting in death, total disability, and partial disability impose a huge cost burden on society, whereas the employer will bear a relatively low cost. this is because of society’s health, treatment, and welfare systems available for treatment and rehabilitation of injured employees and their families. background occupational accidents represent one of the major problems ...

• Resource utilization estimates were extrapolated to cost estimates by multiplying the frequency of resource utilization to unit costs for specific resources. Total individual costs for hospitalizations, ER visits, physician visits, and laboratory and imaging tests were calculated. Mean cost per month and 95% CIs (confidence interval) are reported for costs based on the assumption of a normal ...

We present an iterative algorithm to determine the dynamic user equilibrium for link costs given by a traac simulation model. Each driver's route choice is modelled by a discrete probability distribution which is used to select a route in the simulation. After each simulation run, the probability distribution is adapted to minimize the perceived costs. As an example application, a dynamic versi...

arid and desert lands in terms of specific environmental characteristics such as low annual precipitation,sequential droughts, huge drop in ground water levels or the like, have always faced strict limitations in waterresources. in the shadow of these characteristics and many other factors, water price index (wpi) is significantlyaffected. this study set out with the aim of identifying and dete...

A production system containing a set of machines (also called components) arranged according to a series-parallel configuration is addressed. A set of products must be produced in lots on this production system during a specified finite planning horizon. This paper presents a method for integrating load distribution decisions, and tactical production planning considering the costs of capacity c...

Product distribution account for a significant portion of the logistical costs of a product. Distribution activities are repetitive in nature and they impact the delivery lead time to customers. A well designed supply chain network can substantially improve these costs and lead times. This paper presents a supply chain network design approach for distribution of petroleum products of a retailer...

In this preliminary work, a fleet management problem that occurs in container transportation industry is presented. From the carrier perspective, the present and future operations costs to minimize can be divided in three components: the routing costs, the resource (i.e., driver and truck) assignment costs and the container repositioning costs (i.e., the costs of restoring a given container fle...

We model distribution, the delivery of goods to customers, as an activity governed by its own technology and undertaken by firms subsequently to production operations. We then use the model to investigate how distribution shapes innovation-driven economic growth. We contrast two canonical specifications of distribution costs, iceberg vs. per-unit, and characterize their implications for innovat...