Flow variability plays an important role in structuring lotic communities, yet comparatively little is known about processes governing assemblage dynamics in stream ecosystems with stable environmental conditions, such as spring-fed rivers. Volcanic spring-fed rivers (hereafter spring-fed rivers) occur in geologically active landscapes of the western USA and around the globe. We sampled inverte...

Alluvial gully erosion is a likely key sediment source into many large rivers in tropical Australia. This type of gullying differs fundamentally to the generally accepted gully model from Southern Australia, in that it is found exclusively within alluvium and can propagate entirely as a result of basal sapping. The process is found to varying degrees within alluvial river types along most Gulf ...

OBJECTIVE(S) Describe unintentional drowning deaths in rivers, creeks and streams (rivers) in Australia and identify risk factors to inform prevention. DESIGN & SETTING This study is a cross-sectional, total population audit of all unintentional fatal drownings in Australian rivers between 1-July-2002 and 30-June-2012 using Australian coronial data. A modified Bonferroni test has been applied...

In Mediterranean seas and coastal zones, rivers can be the main source of mercury (Hg). Catchment management therefore affects the load of Hg reaching the sea with surface runoff. The major freshwater inflows to the Baltic Sea consist of large rivers. However, their systems are complex and identification of factors affecting the outflow of Hg from its catchments is difficult. For this reason, a...

Analysis of data from 280 rivers discharging to the ocean indicates that sediment loadslyields are a log-linear function of basin area and maximum elevation of the river basin. Other factors controlling sediment discharge (e.g., climate, runoff) appear to have secondary importance. A notable exception is the influence of human activity, climate, and geology on the rivers draining southern Asia ...

introduction: water vapor spreads in molecular, unstable and erratic phase and transfers by convection and advection process. this transfer happens from the earth and oceans' surfaces to the atmosphere by the hot air. this type of this transfer is considered as the main pattern. in the studies of the atmosphere, one of the prominent factors to be considered is the complexity of water vapor...

One of the main problems in using environmental cost-benefit analysis is deciding on the relevant population: whose benefits should we count? This is important since aggregate benefits depend on both per-person benefit and the number of beneficiaries. Yet this latter term is often hard to evaluate. Distance-decay functions are one way of addressing this problem. In this paper, we present estima...

~ Organic matter from aquatic and terrestrial sources provides the carbon energy that 'drives' aquatic food webs. Most streams and rivers are heterotrophic — that is, more carbon is consumed (e.g. by animals and bacteria) than is produced within the system by aquatic plants. However, despite the presence of vast amounts of carbon in streams and rivers, only a small proportion of the total is tr...