This paper provides an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of a number of Russian vowel reduction patterns. In particular, the analysis presented here relies on a non-unitary approach (Crosswhite 1999) to two-pattern vowel reduction systems, such as those typically seen in Russian dialects. Furthermore, a particularly complex dialectal pattern, traditionally referred to as "dissimilative" reduction, ...

This paper proposes a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, which is based on the fusion of the PSO, Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA), and Mind Evolutionary Computation (MEC). The clone function borrowed from the CSA and MEC-characterized similartaxis and dissimilation operations are embedded in the original PSO algorithm. Simulations of nonlinear function optimization are made to co...

We present in this article an acoustic study on tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese. Our results indicate that Tianjin tone sandhi is likely influenced by Standard Chinese and is undergoing a number of changes, causing variations and exceptions to the sandhi patterns, and the majority of the sandhis are non-neutralizing, contra traditional descriptions. Tonal coarticulation ...

Freshly isolated strains of H. pertussis show meagre growth on Bordet Gengou medium, but a series of subcultures after isolation on the medium containing decreasing amounts of blood results in an ability to grow on blood-free medium, eventually demonstrating that the organisms become to thrive on ordinary agar medium. Imamura (1952), Asano (1953) and Fukumi et al. (1953) reported that H. pertus...

One is used to considering sulfite oxidation as part of a lithotrophic process (e.g. SorAB or Sox system), much of which involves neutral or ionic inorganic sulfur species on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast, the processes referred to in this chapter involve organic compounds, which (1) include a highly stable sulfonate substituent (C−SO 3 ), (2) are involved in the or...

In this paper, we address parallelisms between local and long-distance effects in segmental phonology, focusing on the similarity conditions that trigger them. We take the view that both local and long-distance harmony and disharmony are consequences of segmental correspondence—namely, unstable surface correspondence—as modeled in Agreement by Correspondence theory (henceforth ABC; e.g., Walker...

Glucose fermentation by lactic acid bacteria occurs by at least two different routes. Homolactic species, the streptococci and homolactobacilli, convert hexoses to lactate by the EmbdenMeyerhof pathway. Although the demonstration of glycolytic enzymes and the formation and degradation of glycolytic intermediates by cellfree preparations is incomplete, the conversion of glucose-3,4-C'4 to carbox...