The results of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport experiments in the rat indicate that the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) gives rise to a branched pathway ending in the anterior thalamic group and brainstem, like the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei. However, unlike these nuclei, the ascending PMd projection courses through and to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and the desc...

Every movement we make represents one of many possible actions. In reaching tasks with multiple targets, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) appears to represent all possible actions simultaneously. However, in many situations we are not presented with explicit choices. Instead, we must estimate the best action based on noisy information and execute it while still uncertain of our choice. Here we aske...

We propose a modified Perona-Malik diffusion (PMD) filter to enhance a coronary plaque boundary by considering the conditions peculiar to an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image. The IVUS image is commonly used for a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The IVUS image is however very grainy due to heavy speckle noise. When the normal PMD filter is applied for speckle noise reduction in ...

We study the performance of a typical fiber-optic communication link operating at 10 Gbps, comprising of multiple spans of standard single mode fiber (SSMF), in-line amplifiers and dispersion compensating fibers (DCF). The effects of attenuation, chromatic dispersion, nonlinearity and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are taken into account. By numerically solving the non-linear Schrodinger eq...

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked dysmyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Many cases of PMD can be attributed to defects in the proteolipid protein gene (PLP). To date, with one exception, each family has had either no or a unique mutation in one of the seven exons of PLP. We describe a new missense mutation in exon 2 of the PLP gene of an affected individual. Thi...

Inverted repeats (IRs) can facilitate structural variation as crucibles of genomic rearrangement. Complex duplication-inverted triplication-duplication (DUP-TRP/INV-DUP) rearrangements that contain breakpoint junctions within IRs have been recently associated with both MECP2 duplication syndrome (MIM#300260) and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD, MIM#312080). We investigated 17 unrelated PMD su...

We address the propagation of entanglement in fibers and investigate decoherence polarization-entangled photon pairs caused by polarization mode dispersion (PMD). devise a model starting from statistical properties obtain density matrix describing initially maximally entangled states at any time. Using these results, we derive how depends on length fibers. calculate mean concurrence with PMD ef...

A eucalyptus-based insect repellent (PMD) with the principal active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol was evaluated in the field in comparison with deet. In human landing catches in Tanzania, 3 formulations of PMD were tested against Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus. Repellents, applied to the legs and feet at doses chosen as used in practice, gave complete protection from biting for between 6 a...

We compare the eye-opening penalty from a first-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) model with that from an all-order PMD model in optical fiber transmission systems. Evaluating the performance by taking into account only first-order PMD produces a good approximation of the true eye-opening penalty of uncompensated systems when the penalty is low. However, when the penalties are high, this...

A method for measuring polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on fiber links using four-wave mixing (FWM) generation is presented. This method uses a probe signal to analyze the signal polarization state via FWM generation. The FWM power transfer function is derived in terms of the Stokes parameters, and is validated using both simulated and experimental results. Based on this transfer function, PM...