By coherently adding the spherical wavefronts of two opposing lenses, two-photon excitation 4Pi-confocal fluorescence microscopy has achieved three-dimensional imaging with an axial resolution 3–7 times better than confocal microscopy. So far this improvement was possible only in glycerol-mounted, fixed cells. Here we report 4Pi-confocal microscopy of watery objects and its application to the i...

A compact reconfigurable antenna integrated with stepped impedance stub (SIS) loaded stepped impedance resonator (SIR) and SIS loaded hexagon stepped impedance resonator (HSIR) for ultra wideband (UWB) applications is proposed in this paper. The reconfigurable UWB antenna can work as a UWB antenna and a dual notch band UWB antenna by controlling the switches ON and OFF. The proposed two notch b...

Optical microheating is a powerful non-invasive method for manipulating biological functions such as gene expression, muscle contraction, and cell excitation. Here, we demonstrate its potential usage for regulating neurite outgrowth. We found that optical microheating with a water-absorbable 1,455-nm laser beam triggers directional and explosive neurite outgrowth and branching in rat hippocampa...

We report three-photon laser scanning microscopy (3PLSM) using a bi-directional pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with signal wavelength output at λ= 1500 nm. This novel laser was used to overcome the high optical loss in the infrared spectral region observed in laser scanning microscopes and objective lenses that renders them otherwise difficult to use for imaging. To test our system,...

Utilization of pure spin currents not accompanied by the flow of electrical charge provides unprecedented opportunities for the emerging technologies based on the electron's spin degree of freedom, such as spintronics and magnonics. It was recently shown that pure spin currents can be used to excite coherent magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanostructures. However, because of the intrinsic no...

We address 2D arrays of metallic nano-particles arranged in a honeycomb lattice in the proximity of a hetero-interface of two media with high dielectric contrast. These systems can function as antennas in the visible range of the spectrum. We demonstrate that their radiation patterns can be made very directional by appropriate choice of the system geometry and materials. We show also that if su...

Here, Ω is a bounded domain with sufficiently smooth (e.g. Lipschitz) boundary ∂Ω and ∂/∂ν denotes the (outward) normal derivative on ∂Ω. We assume that the function φ :R→R, defined by φ(s)= α(|s|)s if s = 0 and 0 otherwise, is an increasing homeomorphism from R to R. Let Φ(s)= ∫ s 0 φ(t)dt, s∈R. Then Φ is a Young function. We denote by LΦ the Orlicz space associated withΦ and by ‖ · ‖Φ the usu...

The simplest illustration of a steerable function is the first-order directional derivative of a two-dimensional Gaussian. Although we will only consider Gaussians, the principle of steerability may be extended to any differentiable function. For notational simplicity we will consider a unit-variant Gaussian and ignore the 1 p2 scaling constant: g(x; y) = e (x2+y2)=2: (1) Lets begin by consider...

This paper proposes statistical analysis of phase-only correlation functions with phase-spectrum differences following wrapped distributions. We first assume phase-spectrum differences between two signals to be random variables following a linear distribution. Next, based on directional statistics, we convert the linear distribution into a wrapped distribution by wrapping the linear distributio...

The boundary value problem for the Laplace equation outside several cracks in a plane is studied. The jump of the solution of the Laplace equation and the boundary condition containing the jump of its normal derivative are specified on the cracks. The problem has unique classical solution under certain conditions. The new integral representation for the unique solution of this problem is obtain...