Trends in family support spending and new programmatic initiatives across the country during the 1990s are summarized. Nationally, total spending for family support exceeded $1 billion in 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, spending for such services in the United States grew from 1.5% to 4% of total resources expended by state MR/DD agencies. However, we found considerable state variability in level ...

Policies regarding maintaining domestic energy costs have been a menacing problem politically and economically within the Arab countries, as well as within other parts of the world. Many objectives have been put forward to assist with energy conservation. Of these objectives, there have been discussions about expanding residents access to energy sources, which will protect income strapped house...

Abstract At the 12th Ministerial Conference in June 2022, Members of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) reached a historic Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies that aims to contribute United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This article provides necessary background Agreement, tracing briefly history negotiations. After general overview three key provisions are examined, namely, prohibition sub...

We examine the control of air pollution caused by households burning wood for heating and cooking in the developing world. Since the problem is one of controlling emissions from nonpoint sources, regulations are likely to be directed at household choices of wood consumption and combustion technologies. Moreover, these choices are subtractions from, or contributions to, the pure public good of a...

This paper uses administrative data to analyze a large and 8-year long employer payroll tax rate cut in Sweden for young workers aged 26 or less. We replicate previous results documenting that during the earlier years of reform, it raised youth employment among treated workers, driven by labor demand (as workers’ take-home wages did not respond). First, drawing on additional data, this then doc...

Estuaries are amongst the world's most productive ecosystems, lying at the intersection between terrestrial and marine environments. They receive substantial inputs from adjacent landscapes but the importance of resource subsidies is not well understood. Here, we test hypotheses for the effects of both terrestrial- and salmon-derived resource subsidies on the diet (inferred from stable isotopes...