Copula duration (t) decreases, and proportional rate of sperm transfer (c) increases, with larger male body size in dung flies, so their dimensionless product (c. t) is approximately constant (approximately 2.2). The most recent copulating male fertilizes about 89% of the eggs laid (= 1 - e(-c.t) = 1 - e(-2.2)), independent of his body size. The conditions under which natural selection favors t...

All organisms must find and consume resources to live, and the strategies an organism uses when foraging can have significant impacts on their fitness. Models assuming optimality in foraging behavior, and which quantitatively account for the costs, benefits, and biological constraints of foraging, are common in the animal literature. Plant ecologists on the other hand have rarely adopted an exp...

The ideas of robust sets, robust functions and robustness of general set-valued maps were introduced by Chew and Zheng [7, 26], and further developed by Shi, Zheng, Zhuang [18, 19, 20], Phú, Hoffmann and Hichert [8, 9, 10, 17] to weaken up the semi-continuity requirements of certain global optimization algorithms. The robust analysis, along with the measure theory, has well served as the basis ...

I study a model of trading under asymmetric information where traders can acquire expertise to become better informed. Within the context of this model, I propose and implement a method to estimate the ratio of the marginal social value to the marginal private value of expertise. More expert traders get rents because they can choose which assets to trade and they add social value because by cha...

I study expertise acquisition in a model of trading under asymmetric information. I propose and implement a method to measure r, the ratio of the marginal social value to the marginal private value of expertise. This can be decomposed into three sufficient statistics: traders’ average profits, the fraction of bad assets among traded assets and the elasticity of good assets traded with respect t...

BACKGROUND Optimal choices require an accurate neuronal representation of economic value. In economics, utility functions are mathematical representations of subjective value that can be constructed from choices under risk. Utility usually exhibits a nonlinear relationship to physical reward value that corresponds to risk attitudes and reflects the increasing or decreasing marginal utility obta...

This paper presents an integrated refinery scheduling model and its applications for a refinery located in Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P.R.China. The model integrates a crude oil unloading and storage area, a refining area, a blending area and a product storage area of the refinery. The scheduling model can be applied for optimizing the operation, configuration and production schedule of the refinery. T...

Two well-known single valued solutions for TU-games are the Shapley value and Solidarity value, which verify three properties: Linearity, Symmetry and Efficiency, and the null player axiom. On the other hand, the interpretation of the two values is usually related on the marginal contribution of a player that joins a coalition. The paper generalizes the approach. First, the marginal contributio...

empirical studies show that there is stronger dependency between large losses than large profit in financial market, which undermine the performance of using symmetric distribution for modeling these asymmetric. that is why the assuming normal joint distribution of returns is not suitable because of considering the linier dependence, and can be lead to inappropriate estimate of var. copula theo...

Adaptive optimization methods, which perform local optimization with a metric constructed from the history of iterates, are becoming increasingly popular for training deep neural networks. Examples include AdaGrad, RMSProp, and Adam. We show that for simple overparameterized problems, adaptive methods often find drastically different solutions than gradient descent (GD) or stochastic gradient d...