More and more sub-stations are retrofitted with numerical relays, meters and monitoring devices. Most often, the older relay gets replaced with a newer relay with the rest of the installation such as Current Transformer (CT) and lead remaining undisturbed. Utilities have standardized on their older current transformers and want to maintain the same current transformer specifications throughout ...

Abstract The problems of relay protection equipment in such aspects as the insufficient depth data mining, not timely grasp status, and poor timeliness fault warning restrict development operation maintenance mode protection, which aims at “autonomous controllable, safe reliable, advanced applicable, intensive efficient”. This article studies comprehensive state evaluation action simulation ded...

In this paper, the influence of Static Var Compensators (SVC) on distance relay protection when connected to sub-transmission network Nigerian 132-kV grid system is investigated. This carried out by monitoring error margin fault locator associated with protective relays SVC transmission line. The location selected such that there a common primary source power (Ikorodu-Sagamu line) and SVC, whic...

in this paper two different rateless transmissionschemes are developed. in the proposed scheme, relay node candecode and forward the message to the destination if they areable to decode it, or amplify and forward the message to thedestination. based on the analysis and simulation resultsprovided in this paper, the proposed method has bettertransmission time than the scheme which only the relay ...

This paper is primarily about design and some of the difficulties of “appropriate” design in care settings. This is hardly a novel concern but this particular focus arises as a consequence of digital technologies maturing and transferring to the everyday domain. Domestic environments are becoming key sites for the consumption of information and communication technologies, embracing in the “care...

This document specifies the mapping and notification of defect states between a pseudowire (PW) and the Attachment Circuits (ACs) of the end-to-end emulated service. It standardizes the behavior of Provider Edges (PEs) with respect to PW and AC defects. It addresses ATM, Frame Relay, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), and Synchronous Optical Network / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) PW...

This research embodies the design, construction and simulation of a feeder pillar (415VAC) with over-current, overload and earth-fault protection with the aid of a phase sequence relay, contactor, earth-leakage circuit breaker and three-phase overload relay. The analog voltmeters in the various bus-bars (red, yellow and blue phases) in a conventional feeder pillar is replaced with a digital pan...

Microgrids comprise low voltage distribution systems with distributed energy resources (DER) and controllable loads which can operate connected to the medium voltage grid or islanded in a controlled coordinated way. This concept aims to move from “connect and forget” philosophy towards an integration of DER. Microgrids are expected to provide environmental and economic benefits for endcustomers...